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Networking basics
Introduction terms to networking and internetworks
161
Internet/New Media
Professional
10/10/2011

Additional Internet/New Media Flashcards

 


 

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Term
buffering, transmitting source-quench messages, and windowing
Definition
three commonly used methods for handling network congestion
Term
Address Resolution Protocol
Definition
ARP
Term
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Definition
maps network addresses to MAC addresses
Term
Hello protocol
Definition
Enables network devices to learn the MAC addresses of other network devices - A network layer protocol that enables network devices to identify one another and indicate that they are still functional
Term
Network addresses
Definition
Usually exist within a hierarchical address space and sometimes are called virtual or logical addresses.
Term
Flow Control
Definition
a function that prevents network congestion by ensuring that transmitting devices do not overwhelm receiving devices with data.
Term
Buffering
Definition
used by network devices to temporarily store bursts of excess data in memory until they can be processed
Term
Source-quench messages
Definition
used by receiving devices to help prevent their buffers from overflowing.
Term
Windowing
Definition
A flow-control scheme in which the source device requires an acknowledgment from the destination after a certain number of packets have been transmitted.
Term
Error-checking schemes
Definition
Determine whether transmitted data has become corrupt or otherwise damaged while traveling from the source to the destination. Implemented at several of the OSI layers
Term
cyclic redundancy check
Definition
CRC
Term
cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
Definition
detects and discards corrupted data
Term
Multiplexing
Definition
A process in which multiple data channels are combined into a single data or physical channel at the source
Term
Demultiplexing
Definition
The process of separating multiplexed data channels at the destination
Term
Multiplexor
Definition
Data from multiple devices can be combined into a single physical channel using a ______________
Term
Multiplexor
Definition
A physical layer device that combines multiple data streams into one or more output channels at the source
Term
time-division multiplexing
Definition
TDM
Term
asynchronous time-division multiplexing
Definition
ATDM
Term
frequency-division multiplexing
Definition
FDM
Term
time-division multiplexing (TDM)
Definition
information from each data channel is allocated bandwidth based on preassigned time slots, regardless of whether there is data to transmit
Term
frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
Definition
Information from each data channel is allocated bandwidth based on the signal frequency of the traffic
Term
asynchronous time-division multiplexing (ATDM)
Definition
Information from data channels is allocated bandwidth as needed by using dynamically assigned time slots
Term
statistical multiplexing
Definition
bandwidth is dynamically allocated to any data channels that have information to transmit.
Term
True
Definition
Multiplexing can be implemented at any of the OSI layers (T or F)
Term
Three protocols that use predictable MAC addresses
Definition
Xerox Network Systems (XNS), Novell Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), and DECnet Phase IV.
Term
hierarchical or flay
Definition
Two forms of Internetwork address space
Term
Flat
Definition
______________ address space is organized into a single group (in a manner similar to U.S. Social Security numbers).
Term
Static and Dynamic
Definition
Two types of network addresses
Term
Static
Definition
_____________ addresses are assigned by a network administrator according to a preconceived internetwork addressing plan.
Term
Dynamic
Definition
_____________ addresses are obtained by devices when they attach to a network, by means of some protocol-specific process.
Term
Domain Name System
Definition
DNS
Term
Domain Name System (DNS)
Definition
The Internet uses _______ ______ ______to map the name of a device to its IP address.
Term
Hierarchical
Definition
____________ address space is organized into numerous subgroups, each successively narrowing an address until it points to a single device (in a manner similar to street addresses).
Term
International Organization for Standardization
Definition
ISO
Term
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Definition
An international standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking. Its best-known contribution is the development of the OSI reference model and the OSI protocol suite.
Term
American National Standards Institute
Definition
ANSI
Term
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Definition
A member of the ISO, is the coordinating body for voluntary standards groups within the United States. Developed the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) and other communications standards
Term
Electronic Industries Association
Definition
EIA
Term
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
Definition
Specifies electrical transmission standards, including those used in networking. Developed the widely used EIA/TIA-232 standard (formerly known as RS-232).
Term
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
Definition
IEEE
Term
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Definition
a professional organization that defines networking and other standards. Developed the widely used LAN standards IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.5
Term
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector
Definition
ITU-T
Term
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
Definition
Formerly called the Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT), now an international organization that develops communication standards. Developed X.25 and other communications standards.
Term
Internet Activities Board
Definition
IAB
Term
Internet Activities Board (IAB)
Definition
a group of internetwork researchers who discuss issues pertinent to the Internet and set Internet policies through decisions and task forces. Designates some Request For Comments (RFC) documents as Internet standards, including Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
Term
Open System Interconnection model
Definition
OSI model
Term
Internetwork
Definition
A collection of individual networks, connected by intermediate networking devices, that functions as a single large network.
Term
Internetworking
Definition
Refers to the industry, products, and procedures that meet the challenge of creating and administering internetworks
Term
Local Area Network
Definition
LAN
Term
Local-area networks (LANs)
Definition
Evolved around the PC revolution. Enabled multiple users in a relatively small geographical area to exchange files and messages, as well as access shared resources such as file servers and printers
Term
Wide Area Network
Definition
WAN
Term
Wide-area networks (WANs)
Definition
interconnect LANs with geographically dispersed users to create connectivity. Some of the technologies used for connecting LANs include T1, T3, ATM, ISDN, ADSL, Frame Relay, radio links, and others. New methods of connecting dispersed LANs are appearing everyday.
Term
distributed denial of service
Definition
DDOS
Term
Application
Definition
Layer 7
Term
Presentation
Definition
Layer 6
Term
Session
Definition
Layer 5
Term
Transport
Definition
Layer 4
Term
Network
Definition
Layer 3
Term
Data link
Definition
Layer 2
Term
Physical
Definition
Layer 1
Term
5,6, and 7
Definition
Application layers of OSI model
Term
4,3,2, and 1
Definition
Data transport layers of OSI model
Term
Protocol
Definition
A formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers.
Term
OSI model
Definition
A conceptual framework for communication between computers
Term
LAN protocols
Definition
Operate at the physical and data link layers of the OSI model and define communication over the various LAN media.
Term
WAN protocols
Definition
Operate at the lowest three layers of the OSI model and define communication over the various wide-area media
Term
Routing Protocol
Definition
Network layer protocols that are responsible for exchanging information between routers so that the routers can select the proper path for network traffic.
Term
network protocols
Definition
The various upper-layer protocols that exist in a given protocol suite
Term
service access point
Definition
SAP
Term
the service user, the service provider, and the service access point (SAP).
Definition
Three basic elements involved in layer services
Term
service access point (SAP)
Definition
A conceptual location at which one OSI layer can request the services of another OSI layer.
Term
the service user
Definition
The OSI layer that requests services from an adjacent OSI layer
Term
The service provider
Definition
the OSI layer that provides services to service users.
Term
true
Definition
OSI layers can provide services to multiple service users (T or F)
Term
Control Information
Definition
The seven OSI layers use various forms of ___________ __________ to communicate with their peer layers in other computer systems. This consists of specific requests and instructions that are exchanged between peer OSI layers.
Term
headers and trailers
Definition
Two forms of control information
Term
headers
Definition
prepended to data that has been passed down from upper layers
Term
trailers
Definition
appended to data that has been passed down from upper layers
Term
False
Definition
An OSI layer is required to attach a header or a trailer to data from upper layers. (T or F)
Term
encapsulation
Definition
When the data portion of an information unit at a given OSI layer contains headers, trailers, and data from all the higher layers.
Term
information exchange process
Definition
Occurs between peer OSI layers when each layer in the source system adds control information to data, and each layer in the destination system analyzes and removes the control information from that data
Term
Physical / Layer 1
Definition
The _________ layer defines the electrical, mechanical, procedural, and functional specifications for activating, maintaining, and deactivating the physical link between communicating network systems. _________ layer specifications define characteristics such as voltage levels, timing of voltage changes, physical data rates, maximum transmission distances, and physical connectors. ___________ layer implementations can be categorized as either LAN or WAN specifications.
Term
Media Access Control
Definition
MAC
Term
Logical Link Control
Definition
LLC
Term
Data Link / layer 2
Definition
The _______ ________ layer provides reliable transit of data across a physical network link
Term
data link / layer 2
Definition
defines different network and protocol characteristics, including physical addressing, network topology, error notification, sequencing of frames, and flow control
Term
Physical addressing
Definition
Defines how devices are addressed at the data link layer
Term
Network topology
Definition
Consists of the data link layer specifications that often define how devices are to be physically connected, such as in a bus or a ring topology.
Term
Error notification
Definition
Alerts upper-layer protocols that a transmission error has occurred, and the sequencing of data frames reorders frames that are transmitted out of sequence.
Term
Flow Control
Definition
Moderates the transmission of data so that the receiving device is not overwhelmed with more traffic than it can handle at one time.
Term
MAC sublayer / LLC sublayer
Definition
Two sub-layers of the Data Link layer
Term
Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer
Definition
Sublayer of the data link layer manages communications between devices over a single link of a network. Defined in the IEEE 802.2 specification and supports both connectionless and connection-oriented services used by higher-layer protocols.
Term
Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer
Definition
Sublayer of the data link layer that manages protocol access to the physical network medium
Term
MAC Address
Definition
Enable multiple devices to uniquely identify one another at the data link layer.
Term
The IEEE MAC specification
Definition
defines MAC addresses
Term
Network / layer 3
Definition
defines the network address
Term
Network / Layer 3
Definition
Much of the design and configuration work for internetworks happens at the layer
Term
Network / Layer 3
Definition
Defines the logical network layout, routers can use this layer to determine how to forward packets.
Term
Transport / layer 4
Definition
Accepts data from the session layer and segments the data for transport across the network.
Term
Transport / layer 4
Definition
responsible for making sure that the data is delivered error-free and in the proper sequence. Flow control generally occurs here.
Term
Transport / Layer 4
Definition
Virtual circuits are established, maintained, and terminated here.
Term
TCP and UDP
Definition
transport protocols used on the Internet
Term
Frame
Definition
Information unit whose source and destination are data link layer 2 entities
Term
Frame
Definition
Composed of the data link layer header (and possibly a trailer) and upper-layer data. The header and trailer contain control information intended for the data link layer entity in the destination system. Data from upper-layer entities is encapsulated in the data link layer header and trailer.
Term
Packet
Definition
An information unit whose source and destination are network layer 3 entities
Term
Packet
Definition
Composed of the network layer header (and possibly a trailer) and upper-layer data. The header and trailer contain control information intended for the network layer entity in the destination system. Data from upper-layer entities is encapsulated in the network layer header and trailer.
Term
Datagram
Definition
Term that usually refers to an information unit whose source and destination are network layer entities that use connectionless network service.
Term
Segment
Definition
Term that usually refers to an information unit whose source and destination are transport layer entities
Term
Message
Definition
An information unit whose source and destination entities exist above the network layer (often at the application layer)
Term
Cell
Definition
an information unit of a fixed size whose source and destination are data link layer entities
Term
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Definition
ATM
Term
Switched Multimegabit Data Service
Definition
SMDS
Term
Cell
Definition
used in switched environments, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) networks. A _______ is composed of the header and payload. The header contains control information intended for the destination data link layer entity and is typically 5 bytes long. The payload contains upper-layer data that is encapsulated in the cell header and is typically 48 bytes long.
Term
False - they are always the same
Definition
The length of the header and the payload fields always different for each cell (T or F)
Term
Cell header / payload
Definition
Two components that make up a cell
Term
data
Definition
a generic term that refers to a variety of information units
Term
service data units
Definition
SDUs
Term
Common data units
Definition
service data units (SDUs), protocol data units, and bridge protocol data units (BPDUs)
Term
service data units (SDUs)
Definition
Information units from upper-layer protocols that define a service request to a lower-layer protocol
Term
protocol data units (PDU)
Definition
OSI terminology for a packet
Term
protocol data unit
Definition
PDU
Term
bridge protocol data units (BPDUs)
Definition
used by the spanning-tree algorithm as hello messages
Term
end system
Definition
ES
Term
intermediate system
Definition
IS
Term
autonomous system
Definition
AS
Term
end system (ES)
Definition
A network device that does not perform routing or other traffic forwarding functions. Include such devices as terminals, personal computers, and printers.
Term
intermediate system (IS)
Definition
a network device that performs routing or other traffic-forwarding functions. Include such devices as routers, switches, and bridges.
Term
intradomain IS and interdomain IS
Definition
Two types of IS networks
Term
intradomain IS
Definition
communicates within a single autonomous system
Term
interdomain IS
Definition
communicates within and between autonomous systems
Term
Area(s)
Definition
a logical group of network segments and their attached devices - subdivisions of autonomous systems (AS's)
Term
autonomous system(AS)
Definition
a collection of networks under a common administration that share a common routing strategy, subdivided into areas, and sometimes called a domain
Term
Connection-oriented
Definition
This service must first establish a connection with the desired service before passing any data
Term
connectionless service
Definition
can send the data without any need to establish a connection first
Term
Power over ethernet (POE)
Definition
Describes a system to pass electrical power safely, along with data, on Ethernet cabling.
Term
IEEE 802.3af-2003
Definition
The original PoE standard provides up to 15.4 W of DC power (minimum 44 V DC and 350 mA[3][4]) to each device.[5] Only 12.95 W is assured to be available at the powered device as some power is dissipated in the cable
Term
IEEE 802.3at-2009
Definition
Updated PoE standard also known as PoE+ or PoE plus, provides up to 25.5 W of power.
Term
Unshielded Twisted Pair
Definition
UTP
Term
Network Interface
card (NIC)
Definition
implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific physical layer 1 and data link layer 2 standard such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Token Ring
Term
Switch
Definition
Typically a layer 2 device that serves as a controller, enabling networked devices to talk to each other efficiently.
Term
network address translation
Definition
NAT
Term
network address translation (NAT)
Definition
the process of modifying IP address information in IP packet headers while in transit across a traffic routing device.
Term
TCP/IP model
Definition
describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network - provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.
Term
Router
Definition
Routes traffic in-between networks
Term
Switch
Definition
Breaks up broadcast domains
Term
application-specific integrated circuit
Definition
ASIC
Term
Ethernet
Definition
10mb per second
Term
Fast Ethernet
Definition
100mb per second
Term
Gigabit
Definition
1000mb per second
Term
10 Gigabit
Definition
10,000mb per second
Term
Autonegotiation
Definition
an Ethernet procedure by which two connected devices choose common transmission parameters, such as speed, duplex mode, and flow control.
Term
half-duplex
Definition
HDX
Term
half duplex (HDX)
Definition
system that provides communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time (not simultaneously, like walkie talkies)
Term
full-duplex
Definition
FDX
Term
full duplex (FDX)
Definition
allows communication in both directions, simultaneously
Term
medium dependent interface
Definition
MDI
Term
medium dependent interface crossover
Definition
MDIX
Term
Auto-MDIX
Definition
automatically detects the required cable connection type and configures the connection appropriately, removing the need for crossover cables to interconnect switches or connecting PCs peer-to-peer.
Term
Switch
Definition
Foundation in the network
Term
Link Aggregation
Definition
Combining multiple network connections in parallel to increase throughput beyond what a single connection could sustain, and to provide redundancy in case one of the links fails
Term
Trucking, Link Bonding, Ethernet/network/NIC bonding or NIC teaming
Definition
Alternate terms for link aggregation
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