Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

The ____ reference model is a network model developed by the ISO for communication in open system networks.

Physical layer (Layer 1)

The _____ provides the means for transmitting data packets over a physical medium. It specifies the electrical and mechanical characteristics, such as the voltage, frequency, and transmission medium of the network.

Data Link layer (Layer 2)

The ____ is responsible for transferring data packets between adjacent network nodes without any errors. It can be divided into 2 sublayers: the Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer and the Media Access Control (MAC) sub-layer.

Network layer (Layer 3)

The ____ of the OSI model is responsible for addressing data packets, routing the packets from a source to the destination through the network, and ensuring data delivery. Routers operate at the Network layer.

Transport layer (Layer 4)

The ____ accepts data from upper layers, and breaks it into smaller units known as segments. It then passes these segments to the lower layers, and ensures that all segments arrive correctly at the receiving end.

Session layer (Layer 5)

The ____ controls how, when, and for how long a device can transmit or receive data, and specifies procedures for the connection, termination, and reestablishment of sessions.

Presentation Layer (Layer 6)

The ____ is responsible for encoding data into a standard network-compatible format. It adds services such as data compression and encryption.

Application Layer (Layer 7)

The ____ provides utilities and services that allow applications to access the network and its resources. This layer defines protocols for tasks such as transferring files, sending emails, and saving data to a network server. It is the only layer a user directly interacts.

(Layer 1) The Physical

Technologies such as Fast Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), token ring, and FDDI that function at _____ layer of the OSI model.

(Layer 2) The Data Link

Protocols such as The Point-To-Point Protocol (PPP) and Serial Line Internet Protocol(SLIP) operate at _____ layer of the OSI model.

(Layer 3) The Network

Protocols such as ARP, ICMP, DHCP, RIP, BGP, OSPF, IGMP operate on _____ layer of the OSI model.

(Layer 4) The Transport

Protocols such as TCP,UDP, IPSec, PPTP, RDP L2TP operate on ____ layer of the OSI model.

(Layer 6) The Presentation

Protocols such as MME, SSL, TLS, GIF, JPEG, TIFF operate on  ____ layer of the OSI model.

(Layer 7) The Application

Services such as HTTP, DNS, FTP, NFS NTP, SNMP, SMTP and Telnet operate on ____ layer of the OSI model.

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

The ____ is a network protocol suite that is routable and allows computers to communicate across all types of networks.

Application

The _____ layer of the TCP/IP model provides definition for file, email, hypertext transfer. It also handles encoding of data, controls the seesions, and defines socket sercvices and other utilities over TCP/IP.

Transport

The ____ layer of the TCP/IP model provides connection establishment and communication services. It also defines protocols for end-to-end transfer of data, along with error and flow controls. In the TCP/IP model, there are two transport layer protocols: TCP and UDP.

Internet

The ____ layer of the TCP/IP model provides addressing and routing services. It also controls congestion on the network. This layer involves transferring data from a source to a destination network when multiple networks are connected together.

Network Interface

The _____ layer of the TCP/IP model provides services to send and receive data packets on the network. It defines protocols for moving data frames between adjacent nodes, and for accessing the medium by the devices. It defines the protocols for encoding and transmitting data over the network media.

Application

The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are equal to the _______ layer of the TCP/IP model.

Transport

The Transport layer of the OSI model is equal to the _____ layer of the TCP/IP model.

Internet

The Network layer of the OSI model is equal to the _____ layer of the TCP/IP model.

Network Interface

The Data Link and Physical layers of the OSI model are equal to the _____ layer of the TCP/IP model.

Encapsulation

_____ is the process of adding delivery information to the actual data transmitted on each layer.

De-encapsulation

____ is the process of removing delivery information from the actual data transmitted on each layer.