Term
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Definition
| is specialized for rapidly transmitting signals from one part of the body to another part of the body by way of nerves |
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Definition
| is specialized for sending chemical messengers from glands to target cells by way of the blood stream |
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Term
| nervous system and endocrine system share responsibility for what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect internal and/or external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| incoming sensory information gets processed and analyzed by neural integration |
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Term
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Definition
| outgoing signals are sent to the effectors, which carry out required response |
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Term
| Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| integrates and correlates sensory information, generates thoughts and emotions, forms and stores memories, stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secret |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) consists of what? |
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Definition
| cranial and spinal nerves that are located outside of CNS |
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Term
| somatic nervous sytem (SNS) consists of? |
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Definition
sensory (afferent) components and motor (efferent) component
-voluntary |
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Term
| sensory (afferent) component of SNS contains? |
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Definition
| neurons that carry information from skin, skeletaon, muscles and special sense organs toward CNA |
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Term
| Motor (efferent) component of SNS contains? |
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Definition
| neurons that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Autonomic Nervouse System is? |
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Definition
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Term
| sensory (afferent) component of ANS function? |
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Definition
| carries information from visceral receptors toward CNS |
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Term
| Motor (efferent) component of ANS contains? |
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Definition
| sympathetic division and parasympathetic division |
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Term
| motor (efferent) component of ANS function? |
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Definition
| conducts nerve signals from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands |
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Term
| sympathetic division (ANS) function |
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Definition
| controls processes that tend to arouse body and invovle expenditure of energy |
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Term
| parasympathetic division (ANS) function |
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Definition
| controls processes that have calming effect on body and restore its energy |
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Term
| Nervous Tissue excitability |
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Definition
| ability of nerve cell fo respond to environmental stimuli |
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Term
| Nervous tissue conductivity |
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Definition
| ability of a nerve cell to transmit signals to another nerve cell |
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Term
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Definition
| transmit signals by secreting neurotransmitters |
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Term
| nuerons are classified based on what? |
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Definition
| the direction the impulse travels in reference to the CNS |
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Term
| Sensory (afferent) neurons |
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Definition
| transmit signals about light, heat, pressure, and/or chemicals from receptors toward CNS |
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Term
| Interneurons (association neurons) |
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Definition
| lie within CNS to caryy out integrative function by transmitting signals between sensroy neurons and motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| send signals away from CNS to effectors (muscles,glands) |
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Term
| Cell body or soma or perikaryon contains? |
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Definition
| single, central nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm that contains organelles |
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Term
| cytoskeleton of neuron contains |
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Definition
| microtubules and actin neurofibrils to form compartments in the rough ER called Nissl bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| dark- staining regions involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
| mature neuronsn have no what? |
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Definition
| lack centrioles, which render that incapable of undergoing mitosis |
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Term
| what can develop new neurons? |
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Definition
| unspecialized stem cells in the CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| short, branching processes with enormous surface area that allows them to recieve signals from adjacent neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| long, thin, cylindrical processes that conduct signals away from cell body |
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Term
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Definition
originated from elevation of the soma called axon hillock
-axoplasm lacks nissl bodies and golgi apparatus and is surrounded by axolema |
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Term
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Definition
| branches extensively and each axon terminal ends in synaptic knob |
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Term
| synaptic knob of axon contains what? |
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Definition
| synaptic vesicles that store chemical neurotransmitters |
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Term
| proteins needed by the neuron to function are synthesized where? |
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Definition
| in cell body and transported to axon |
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Term
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Definition
| moves materials down axon and supplies new axoplasm needed for developing or regenerating neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| uses protein "motors" to move materials and organelles in both directions between soma and axon terminals |
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Term
| how can pathogen invade nervous system? |
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Definition
| through synaptic knobs and use fast transport to travel to soma (herpes, rabies) |
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Term
| neurons are classified structurally by what? |
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Definition
| number of processes that extend from soma |
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Term
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Definition
| have single axon extending from soma |
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Term
| unipolar neurons are found where? |
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Definition
| in nerves that carry snesory signals to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| have single axon and single dendrite |
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Term
| bipolar neurons are found where? |
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Definition
| retina of eye, inner ear and nose |
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Term
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Definition
| have single axon and many dendrites |
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Term
| multipolar neurons are found where? |
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Definition
| most common neurons in brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| have no axon and multiple dendrites |
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Term
| anaxonic neurons found where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| glial cells filled spaces between neurons and provide support for neurons |
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Term
| number of neurons in the body |
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Definition
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Term
number of glial cells in body
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Definition
| out number the 10 million neurons 50 to 1 and retain their ability to divide throughout life |
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Term
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Definition
| maliganant brain tumors made up of glial cells that undergo mitosis, so they grow rapidly |
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Term
| astrocytes are found where? |
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Definition
| most abundant glial cells in CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| star-shaped cells with many processes cover brain and form a support framework for nervous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
-forms tight junctions with endothelial cells of blood capillaries to produce blood-brain barrier that can regulate passage of materials into brain
-maintain proper balance of potassium ions for generating nerve impulses
-produce scar tissue when neurons are damaged |
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Oligodendrocytes function |
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Definition
| process fewer processes that astrocytes, but wrap around neurons to produce myelin sheath, which forms insulating layer around neuron |
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Term
| Ependymal cells are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| resemble cuboidal epithelial cells line cavities in brain and spinal cord where they secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that circulates through CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| small macrophages scattered throughout CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytize bacteria that invade CNS and remove debris caused by tissue damage |
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Term
| Schwann cells are found where? |
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Definition
| in PNS where they form a neurilemma around neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-Produce myelin sheath around neurons in PNS
-also assist in regenerating peripheral neurons |
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Term
| Satellite cells are found where? |
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Definition
| in PNS around nerve cell bodies |
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Term
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Definition
| lipoprotein that forms an insulating sheath around axon to incease speed at which nerve signals travel along neuron (20% and 80% lipid) |
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Term
| in the PNS how is the multi layered myelin sheath formed? |
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Definition
| schwann cells wrap around axons of neurons |
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Term
| outermost myelin layer in the PNS |
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Definition
| cytoplasm of schwann cell is gradually squeezed out, so myelin sheath consists of many concentric layers of schwann cell with outermost layer forming a bulging neurolemma that contains nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| around neurilemma in endoneurium of fibrous CT |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow gaps in myelin sheath between schwann cells |
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Term
| how are myelin sheaths formed in the CNS? |
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Definition
| oligodendrocytes spiral around axons |
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Term
| what does not for around the neurons in the CNS? |
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Definition
| neurilemma and endoneurium |
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Term
| damaged neurons in the PNS |
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Definition
| can be regenerated if cell body and some of neurilemma remains intact |
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Term
| regeneration tube function and how formed? |
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Definition
| formed by neurolemma and endoneurium across damaged area, which guides growth of new axonal |
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Term
| damaged neurons in the CNS |
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Definition
| they are not likely to be regenerated because they lack neurilemma and endoneuriem needed to form regeneration tube |
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