Term
| vertebrate brain is what? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the 3 characteristics of the invertebrate nerve chord?
vertebrate? |
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Definition
solid, double, ventral
hollow, single, dorsal |
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Term
| what are the 3 parts of the primitive vertebrate brain? called brain proper |
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Definition
forebrain - info from sensory perception (olfactory, auditory, etc)
midbrain - coordinates effector response from sensory
hindbrain - involuntary functions: balance, heart and breathing rate |
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Term
| is the spinal chord a part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 functions of the spinal chord? |
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Definition
input/output
basic reflexes (predictable stimulus response) |
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Term
| What are some traits of the evolutionary changes in vertebrate brains? (5) |
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Definition
1. forebrain is bigger: more/advanced senses
2. Hindbrain bigger: more complex involuntary and coordination requirements, especially for land animals
3. folds added to increase surface area
4. olfactory shrinks: other senses become more dominant
5. forebrain grows to cover the midbrain |
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Term
| what does the cerebrum of a sheep brain look like? what is its main function? |
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Definition
coves midbrain in mammals
coordinates all voluntary function |
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Term
| what are the 3 areas of the cerebrum? |
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Definition
| sensory, motor, association |
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Term
| what parts of the cerebrum are motor and sensory? |
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Definition
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Term
| what part of sensory and motor is particularly large? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the association area of the cerebrum control? |
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Definition
| speech, memory, reasoning, morality, judgement, etc |
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Term
| where do the optic nerves cross over? what does this allow for? |
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Definition
optic chiasm
allows for depth perception |
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Term
| what is the medulla oblongata derived from and what does it control? |
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Definition
derived from hindbrain
controls heart rate and breathing rate |
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Term
| what is the cerebellum derived from and what does it control? |
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Definition
hindgut
deals mostly with balance |
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Term
| what is the largest cell in the body? why? |
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Definition
neuron
because of extensions called dentrites and axons |
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Term
| what do dendrites do? axons? |
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Definition
dendrites - receive signal
axons - transmit the signal to either another nerve, a muscle or a gland |
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Term
| what are the 3 things a neuron can be connected to? |
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Definition
| either another neuron, a muscle, or a gland |
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Term
| what is a transmission of an impulse down a neuron known as? when did research on it start? how? |
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Definition
universal phenomenon
started in 1930s
Loligo - squid with 2 very large neurons that can be taken out, studied and dissected without a microscope |
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Term
| what is the K+ and Na+ concentration like in a neuron? |
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Definition
| high K+ concentration inside, high Na+ concentration outside |
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Term
| why is the inside of a neuron (axon) negative? |
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Definition
due to anions
organic negative ions (proteins, phosphates, sulfates) |
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Term
| how do the anions always stay inside of the axon? |
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Definition
| protein channels do not exist to move anions over membrane |
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Term
| due to the concentration gradient, what happens to Na and K? |
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Definition
"leakage"
facilitated diffusion tries to fix concentration gradient constantly |
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Term
| what leaks more than what and why? |
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Definition
| K+ leaks more than Na+ because there are more K+ gates than Na+ gates |
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Term
| what does the sodium potassium pump where? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the sodium potassium pump perform? |
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Definition
| needs ATP to perform Active Transport |
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Term
| what is the point of the sodium potassium pump? what is it called? |
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Definition
maintains electrical difference between inside/outside of cell
called polarization |
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Term
| what is resting potential? what is the voltage? what does this mean? |
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Definition
like potential energy
-70 millivolts
inside is very negative to outside |
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Term
| what alters the membrane potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first kind of gate to open from stimulus? why? |
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Definition
Na+
K+ gates are slower to respond |
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Term
| what are the Na+ and K+ protein channels called? |
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Definition
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Term
| why does Na+ rush into the axon so quickly? |
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Definition
1. concentration gradient
2. negative charge |
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Term
| what does the stimulus behave like? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the axon when all of the Na+ rushes in? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is an action potential? |
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Definition
| when the stimulus is fired all the way |
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Term
| what is hyper polarization and how is it fixed? |
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Definition
when more K+ goes out (more channels) and voltage drops below resting potential
sodium potassium pump fixes |
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Term
| what measures action potential? |
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Definition
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Term
| what % of a neuron's ATP is used for the sodium potassium pump? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| how long does the AP last? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only place that E is required in a neuron? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| where the neuron sits when relaxed |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the point of no return - occurs at -35 mV |
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Term
| what is it called when 2 neurons come together? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is it called when a neuron and a muscle come together? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the axon always called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 options for a postsynaptic fiber? |
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Definition
| neuron (dendrite), muscle, gland |
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Term
| what is a neuromuscular junction? |
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Definition
| the space between an axon and a muscle |
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Term
| what are the bubbles in a neuron? |
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Definition
| vesicles that contain the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine |
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Term
| what is Acytylcholine? where is it located? |
|
Definition
a neurotransmitter
inside vesicles in the axon |
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|
Term
| what do neurotransmitters do? |
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Definition
| help transmit signals across the open space that is a synaptic cleft |
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|
Term
| what is it called when vesicles pop? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when gates respond to chemicals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is it called when gates respond to stimulus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things can neurotransmitters be? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of neurotransmitter is Acytylcholine? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 nerves in the rat? |
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Definition
phrenic - connects to medulla oblongata to control diaphragm
vagus - connects to medulla oblongata to control heart rate and breathing rate |
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Term
| what is the biggest nerve in the rat? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the series of events of the nervous system? |
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Definition
stimulus
sensory neurons (reception)
process
motor neurons
effector |
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Term
| what does the nervous system convert? |
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Definition
| environmental energy to electrical energy |
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Term
| what kind of sensory receptors do mammals have? |
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Definition
| bare nerve endings in the dermis |
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Term
| what kind of sensory receptors do fish have? |
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Definition
| neuromast cells in the lateral line |
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