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| interconnected neurons whic control the contraction and expansion of the gastrovascular cavity |
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| a fiber composed primarily of the bundled axons of neurons; these fibrous structures channel and organize information flow along specific routes through the nervous system |
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| a glial cell with diverse functions, including providing strictural support for neurons, regulating the intertitial environment, facillitating synaptic transmission, and assisting in regulating the blood to the brain |
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| a specialization of the walls of the brain capillaries that restrict the entry of most substances from the blood into the central nervous system |
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| also known as ependymal canal, is the cerebrospinal fluid-filled space that runs longitudinally through the length of the entire spinal cord. The central canal is continuous with the ventricular system of the brain. |
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| is formed in the brain by filtration of arterial blood; circulates slowly through the ventricles and central canal and then drains into the veins, supplying the CNS with nutrients and hormones and carrying away waste |
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| is primarily made of neuron cell bodies |
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| consists mainly of bundled axon going through the central canal |
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| the body's automatic response to certain stimuli; protects the body by providing a rapid, invountary response to a particular stimulus |
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| consist of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles, can be voluntary or involuntary |
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| an involuntary movement that controls regulation of smooth and cardiac muscles |
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| one of the three divisions of the sutomatic nervous system; consists of networks of neurons in the digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder; normally regulated by the syspathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
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| one of the three divisions of the automatic nervous system; generally increases energy expenditure and prepares the body for action |
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| one of the three divisions of the autonomic nervous system; generally enhances body activities that gain and conserve energy, such as digestion and reduced heart rate |
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| contains the olfactory bulb and cerebrum, has activities that include processing of olfactory input (smells), regulation of sleep, learning and any complex processing |
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| located centrally in the brain, coordinates routing of sensory input |
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| part of which forms the cerebellum, controls involuntary activities, such as blood circulation, and cordinates motor activities, such as locomotion |
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| a stalk that joins the spinal cord at the base of the brain, midbrain and portions of the hindbrain give rise to it, functions in homeostasis, cordination of movements, and conduction of information to higher brain centers |
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| part of the vertebrate hindbrain located dorsally, functions in unconscious coordination of movement and balances |
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| the dorsal portionof the vertebrate forebrain, composed if the left and right hemisphere; the integrating center for memory, learning and emotions, and other high complex functions of the central nervous system |
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| the left or right side of he cerebrum |
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| the surface of the cerebrum; the largest and the most complex part of the mammalian brain, containing nerve cell bodies of the cerebrum; the part of the vertebrate brain most changed during evolution |
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| thick band of axons; enables the righ and left central cortices to communicate |
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| the main input center for sensory information going to the cerebrum, formed by two masses each roughly the size and shape of a walnut |
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| a much smaller structure that constitutes a control center that includes the body's thermostat as well as the central biological clock; regulates hunger and thirst, plays a role in sexual and mating behaviors, and initiates the fight or flight response |
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| a portion of the brain that participates in certain automatic, homeostasis functions, such as regulating the breathing centers in the medulla |
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| the lowest part of the vertebrate brain, commanly called medulla; a swelling to the hindbrain anterior to the spinal cords that controls automatic, homeostasis functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, digestion and vomitting |
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| a diffuse network formed primarily by neurons in the midbrain and pons. The neurons control the timing of sleep periods characterized by rapud eye movements and by vivid dreams |
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| a molecular mechanism that directs periodic gene expression and cellular activity |
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| suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN |
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| a group of neurons in the hypothalamus of mammals that functions as a biological clock |
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| an almond shape mass of nuclei (clusters of neurons) located near the base of the cerebrum; most important for the emotional memery |
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| segregation of functions in the cortex of the left and right cerebral hemisphere |
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| the capacity of the nervous system to changew with experience |
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| the ability to hold information, anticipations, or goals for a time and then release them if they become irrelevant |
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| the ability to hold, assoaciate and recall information over once's lifetime |
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| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
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| an enhanced responsiveness to an action potential by receiving neurons |
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| a severe mental disturvance characterized by psychotic episodes in which patients have distorted perception of reality |
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| major depressive disorder |
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| a mood disorder characterized by feeling sadness, lack of self-worth, emptiness, or loss of interest in nearly all things |
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| or maniac-depressive disorder, involves extreme swings of mood; this manic phase is characterized by high self-esteem, increased energy, a flow of ideas, overtalkativeness, and increased risk taking |
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| a mental deterioration, or dementia, characterized by confusion and memory loss. its incident is age related, and progressive |
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| a motor disorder, include muscle tremors, poor balance, a flexed posture, and a shuffling gait. It is progressive brain illness and is more common in advancing age |
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