Term
Hypothalamus produces:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
What do they do? |
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Definition
Oxytocin: uterine contraction, milk ejection, emotional bonding
Antidiuretic: decrease urine production, stimulate thirst, vasoconstriction
Releasing and inhibiting: if more or less of a hormone is needed |
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Term
Anterior pituitary gland produces:
Tropic hormones
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating hormone
What do they do? |
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Definition
Tropic: growth
Prolactin: milk production, mammary gland growth
TSH: causes release of TH |
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Term
Thyroid gland produces
Calcitonin
T3 and t4
What do they do? |
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Definition
Calcitonin: decrease blood calcium
triiodothyronine
T3: active
T4: more abundant |
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Term
| Pancreas releases ________ to regulate blood glucose levels? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenal glands have a cortex and a medulla, what do each of these produce and what do they do? |
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Definition
Medulla: adrenalin, noradrenalin for fight or flight
Cortex: corticoids (mineral – electrolytes, gluco- blood sugars, gonad-sex hormone) and cortisol (increase nutrients in blood) |
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Term
| What is the change in a neuron called when it is stimulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the movement of ions achieved? |
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Definition
| Stimulus receive -> cell reaches threshold -> cell becomes more positive -> voltage gates open so sodium can come in and potassium goes out |
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Term
| What does cerebrospinal fluid do? |
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Definition
| Provides buoyancy for the brain, acts as shock absorber, has homeostatic roles like that of blood |
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Term
| Name the four lobes of the brain and describe functions |
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Definition
Frontal: voluntary movements, speech, planning and moral decisions, primary motor cortex – skeletal muscles
Temporal: hearing, comprehension, smell
Parietal: body sensations, primary sensory cortex
Occipital: vision` |
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Term
| The thalamus is called the “gateway to cerebral cortex” why? |
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Definition
| Receives signals from regions in the breain and central nervous system and conveys to regions of the cortex,basically regulates flow of info such as sensation, perception and voluntary movements |
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Term
| What does the hypothalamus do ? |
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Definition
| Regulates hormone secreting activities of pituitary gland, control of water balance, milk ejection via oxytocin, regulatation of body temp and food and water intake |
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Term
| What do the pons and medulla oblongata do? |
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Definition
| Pons helps out with rate and depth of breathing, medulla does that and heart rate, controlling dimeter of blood vessuls, relays signals between cerebellum and other parts of CNS |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum do? |
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Definition
| Coordinates action of different muscles, maintains posture and balance |
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Term
| Where are the anterior and posterior horns and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Inside the central canal of the spinal cord, the anterior carries signals to muscles and glands, posterior receive signals from sensory neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve fibres crossing over to the opposite side, sensory information goes to the opposite side of the brain |
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Term
| The parathyroid glands are located |
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Definition
| Posterior to thyroid gland |
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Term
| What do you call the connective tissue covering a fassicle |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most caudal portion of the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eicosanoids are synthesized from |
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Definition
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Term
| What glial cell has perivascular feet that form the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
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Term
| What hormone is produced by the zona glomerulosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cerebral lobe processes memory and sense of taste? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the primary motor cortex found? |
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Definition
| Precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 meninges underneath skull bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call the white matter tissue connecting the two cerebral hemispheres? |
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Definition
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Term
| What requires insulin to take in glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the thymus and thymic hormones? |
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Definition
| Aid maturation of lymphocytes |
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Term
| Describe generally the nervous systems |
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Definition
2 nervous systems
Central nervous system which includes brain and spinal cord – for general and special senses
Peripheral nervous system: somatic (voluntary) = skeletal muscles and autonomic (involuntary) = parasympathetic = rest and digest and sympathetic = fight or fight |
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Term
| Effect of sympathetic nervous system – state 4 E’s |
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Definition
SNS has adrenergic fibres which depress secretion, decrease tone and contractility of smooth muscle and increase heart rate. Fight or flight
Exercise
Excitement
Emergency
Embarassment |
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Term
| Effect of parasympathetic system state 3 D’s |
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Definition
Rest and digest. Conserves energy, slows heart rate, respiration increase, increase intestinal and gland activity, decrease blood flow to the brain
Defacation
Diuresis
Digestion |
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Term
What does:
Increase heart rate
Increase breathing rate
Less blood to the skin
Breakdown of fuel reserves |
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Definition
1. Transporting nutrients around body
2. Intake of oxygen increase and removal of wastes
3. Blood goes to tissues instead
Using reserves when resources aren’t available |
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Term
| What are general senses? (5) |
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Definition
Nociceptors – pain, thermoreceptors – heat, mechanoreceptors – pressure, chemoreceptors – chemicals, photoreceptors – light
They are scattered |
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Term
| What are special senses? (5) |
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Definition
Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), hearing, equilibrium, vision
Specialised in structure and are localised |
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Term
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Definition
| Correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point in the CNS, can locate what part of the brain is damaged |
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Term
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Definition
| Inaccurate localisation e.g. pain in arm from heart attack |
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Term
| What is equilibrium and what is proprioception? |
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Definition
Equilibrium – balance
Proprioception – using mechanoreceptors can vary muscle contraction in response to external forces |
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Term
There are 12 cranial nerves- what do each of them do?
1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. Oculomotor
4. Throchlear
5. Trigeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Accessory
12. Hypoglossal |
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Definition
1. smell
2. vision
3. eye movement invol pupil size
4. eye movement vol
5. chewing
6. eye movements
7. face movements, salivation / taste
8. hearing / equlibruim
9. blood gas levels, blood pressure , tongue, oral cavity
10. smooth mucle, speaking, pulmonary and digestive function
11. neck and back
12. tongue, speech |
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Term
| What do the posterior and anterior ramus do? |
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Definition
Posterior ramus supplies info to muscles and skin of the back
Anterior ramus supplies info to muscles and skin of the side and front of body as well as limb muscles |
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Term
| Distinguish between afferent and efferent |
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Definition
Afferent: brings info to CNS
Efferent: carries motor commands out of the CNS to muscles and gland |
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Term
| Reflexes operate without conscious control. There are 2 kinds what are they |
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Definition
Somatic – skeletal muscles e.g. standing
Autonomic – smooth or cardiac muscle e.g. blood pressure, heart rate |
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Term
| What 5 things need to occur for a reflex to happen |
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Definition
Receptor – detection
Afferent sensory neuron – sends to CNS
Integration centre – synapses in CNS
Efferent motor neuron – impulses from CNS
Effector – muscle or gland |
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Term
Give examples of following types of reflexes:
Somatic
autonomic |
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Definition
Somatic: patellar-knee jerk
Autonomic: pupillary light reflex |
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Term
Spinal reflexes:
Cranial reflexes: |
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Definition
Spinal: only spinal nerves
Cranial: cranial nerves only |
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Term
Describe these behaviours of neurons:
1. Excitability
2. Conductivity
3. Secretion
4. Extreme longevity
Amitotic |
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Definition
1. Response to stimulus causes change in cell’s membrane potential
2. Ability to propagate electrical signal
3. Release of transmitter in response to conductive activity
4. Live throughout a person’s lifetime
After fetal development, mitotic activity is lost is most neurons |
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Term
| Difference between a synapse and a junction? |
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Definition
Synapse: between two neurons
Junction: between a neuron and an effector |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential have 3 things |
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Definition
1. Excess potassium ions on inside of plasma membrane
2. Excess sodium on outside of plasma membrane
Electrical potential across membrane when a call is at rest |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential have 3 things |
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Definition
1. Excess potassium ions on inside of plasma membrane
2. Excess sodium on outside of plasma membrane
Electrical potential across membrane when a call is at rest |
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