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Nervous System
Caboose
89
Medical
Undergraduate 1
04/24/2010

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Term
Cerebrum
Definition
Largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses, and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum.
Term
Ventricles
Definition
Spaces within the brain that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal chord.
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Connects with the spinal cord, ten of the 12 cranial nerves originate in the brainstem.
Term
Pons
Definition
Literally menas bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem.
Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition
Located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure.
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Most superior portion of the brainstem.
Term
CSF
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Term
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Definition
Clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste.
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
Passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain.
Term
Meninges
Definition
Three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord. Consists of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia matter.
Term
Dura Mater
Definition
Tough outer layer of the meninges.
Term
Arachnoid
Definition
Delicate middle layer of the menignes. The arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by web-like fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space.
Term
Pia Mater
Definition
Thin inner layer of the meninges.
Term
Nerve
Definition
Cord-like structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 piars of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
Term
Ganglion (pl. ganglia)
Definition
Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.
Term
Glia
Definition
Also called neuroglia; Cells that form support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Three types of glia are astroglia, oligodendroglia, and microglia.
Term
PNS
Definition
Peripheral Nervous System
Term
CNS
Definition
Central Nervous System
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Made up of cranial nerves which carry impulses between the brain, neck and head, & spinal nerves which carry messages between the spinal cord and abdomen, limbs, and chest.
Term
Neuron
Definition
Conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons cannot be replaced.
Term
Encephal/o
Definition
Brain
Term
Dur/o
Definition
Hard, Dura Matter
Term
2 Combining forms for Ganglion
Definition
Gangli/o, Ganglion/o
Term
Myel/o
Definition
Spinal Cord; (also means bone marrow)
Term
Radic/o, Radicul/o
Definition
Nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord); Also Rhiz/o
Term
Rhiz/o
Definition
Nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord); Also Radic/o, Radicul/o
Term
Neur/o
Definition
Nerve
Term
Esthesi/o
Definition
Sensation, sensitivity, feeling
Term
Ment/o
Definition
Mind; Also Psych/o
Term
Psych/o
Definition
Mind; Also Ment/o
Term
Mon/o
Definition
One, Single
Term
Phas/o
Definition
Speech
Term
Poli/o
Definition
Gray Matter
Term
Quadr/i
Definition
Four
Term
-iatrist
Definition
Specialist, physician (also logist)
Term
-iatry
Definition
Treatment, specialty
Term
-ictal
Definition
Seizure, attack
Term
-paresis
Definition
Slight paralysis
Term
Cerebral Thrombosis
Definition
Cerebral Clot, symptoms may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction occurs (a type of ishemic stroke).
Term
Aphasia
Definition
Different Types:

Aphasia: Inability to speak properly

Expressive Aphasia: A person knows what to say but has trouble coming up with the correct word or words.

Receptive Aphasia: Random replacement or conjuration of words causing frequent incoherence.
Term
The most common and most malignant tumor of the brain.
Definition
Glioblastoma
Term
Glioma
Definition
Tumor composed of the glial tissue (glioma is the term now used to describe all primary neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Meningioma
Definition
Benign and Slow Growing Tumor of the Meninges.
Term
Meningomyelocele
Definition
What you would think; also called myelomeningocele.
Term
Mononeuropathy
Definition
Disease affecting a single nerve (such as carpal tunnel syndrome).
Term
Poliomyelitis
Definition
Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord; also called Polio. Caused by one of three polio viruses.
Term
Polyneuropathy
Definition
Disease of many nerves, most often occurs as a side effect of diabetes mellitus, but may also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, or carcinoma; exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning.
Term
AD
Definition
Alzheimer Disease
Term
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
Definition
Progressive muscle atrophy caused by hardening of nerve tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord (also called Lou Gehrig Disease).
Term
Bell Palsy
Definition
Paralysis of muscles on one side of the face, usually a temporary condition. Signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side, and non-closure of the eyelid.
Term
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Definition
Condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after.
Term
Dementia
Definition
Cognitive impairment characterized by a loss of intellectual brain function. Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning, and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior. Dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging.
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
Increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain, which can cause enlargement of the cranium in infants.
Term
Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Definition
A type of ischemic stroke; symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. Frequently associated with high blood pressure.
Term
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Definition
Degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Parkinson Disease (PD)
Definition
Chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, and shuffling gait. Usually occurs after age 50.
Term
Sciatica
Definition
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods.
Term
Shingles
Definition
Viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters ton the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (also called herpes zoster).
Term
Stroke
Definition
Occurs when there is an interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction. Speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees.
Term
The 2 Types of Strokes
Definition
Ischemic- The result of a blocked blood vessel.

Hemorrhagic- The result of bleeding. Also called Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) or Brain Attack
Term
CVA
Definition
Cerebrovascular Accident
Term
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Definition
A hemorrhagic stroke that rapidly fills the space between the brain and skull with blood. The patient may experience an intense, sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain.
Term
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
Definition
Sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. The symptoms may be similar to those of stroke, but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs from eventual occurrence of a stroke.
Term
Cerebral Angiography
Definition
Radiographic Imaging of the blood vessels in the brain (after an injection of contrast medium).
Term
CT Myelography
Definition
Process of recording (scan) the spinal cord (after an injection of a contrast agent into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture.
Term
EEG
Definition
Electroencephalogram
Term
Computed Tomography of the brain (CT scan)
Definition
Process that includes the use of a computer to produce a series of brain tissue images at any desired depth. The procedure is noninvasive, painless, and particularly useful in diagnosing brain tumors.
Term
MRI
Definition
A noninvasive technique that produces sectional images of soft tissues of the brain or spine through a strong magnetic field. Non-radioactive.
Term
PET
Definition
A Radioactive imaging; produces sectional imaging of the brain to examine blood flow and metabolic activity. Images are projected on a viewing screen.
Term
Evoked Potential Studies (EP studies)
Definition
A group of diagnostic tests that measure changes in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli. Visual evoked response (VER) is a response to visual stimuli. Auditory evoked response (AER) is a response to auditory stimuli.
Term
EP Studies
Definition
Evoked Potential Studies
Term
AER
Definition
Auditory Evoked Response
Term
VER
Definition
Visual Evoked Response
Term
Lumbar Puncture (LP)
Definition
Insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. It is performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid for diagnostic purpose (also called spinal tap)
Term
Anesthesia
Definition
Without (loss of) feeling or sensation.
Term
Panplegia
Definition
Total paralysis; Also Called Pamplegia.
Term
Afferent
Definition
Conveying toward a center.
Term
Ataxia
Definition
Lack of muscle coordination.
Term
Cognitive
Definition
Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason.
Term
Coma
Definition
State of profound unconsciousness.
Term
Convulsion
Definition
Sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; aka seizure.
Term
Dysarthria
Definition
The inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system.
Term
Shunt
Definition
Tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid.
Term
Syncope
Definition
Fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum.
Term
ADHD
Definition
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Term
PTSD
Definition
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
Term
Somatoform Disorders
Definition
Disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists.
Term
TIA
Definition
Transient Ischemic Attack
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