Term
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Definition
| Prolonged exposure to a stimulus may cause cells to lose the ability to respond to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that affects neurons in the brain's pleasure pathway (limbic system) |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug that binds to a specific receptor in the postsynaptic neurons of the brain |
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Term
| To what neurotransmitter does cocaine bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the brain adjust to prolonged exposure to nicotine? |
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Definition
| by making fewer nicotine receptors, and by altering the pattern of activation of nicotine receptors. |
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Term
| What type of neurotransmitters are Glycine and GABA? |
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Definition
| Inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential; hyperpolarization produced by Inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters such as Glyine and GABA. |
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Term
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Definition
Major Excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS.
Leads to excitatory postsynapti potential (EPSP) by causing Na+ influx |
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Term
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Definition
Neurotransmitter that crosses synapse between neuron and muscle fiber.
Causes muscle contraction. |
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Term
| How does ACh neurotransmitter produce muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| Binds to ACh receptors on muscle cell membrane and produces depolarization (EPSP) which stimulates muscle contraction. |
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Term
| Acetylcholinesterase (AChe) |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that degrades ACh, causing muscle relaxation. |
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Term
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Definition
other types of neurotransmitters.
includes: epinephrine and norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin |
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Term
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Definition
Other types of neurotransmitters.
Includes: substance p, enkephalins and endorphins. |
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Term
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that belong to the biogenic amines. Also known as adrenaline, causing the "fight or flight" response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that belongs to the biogenic amines. It is used in brain areas that control movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that belongs to the Biogenic amines. It is involved in the regulation of sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitter that belongs to the Neuropeptides. It is released from sensory neurons activated by pain. |
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Term
| Enkephalins and endorphins |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that belong to the Neuropeptides. These neurotransmitters lower pain perception. |
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Term
| What are the two types of synapses? |
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Definition
Electrical synapses: rare in vertebrates, involve direct cytoplasmic connection between the two cells involved by gap junctions.
Chemical synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| space that separates the two cells in a chemical synapse |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| neuron whose axon transmit action potentials to synapses |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell receiving the signal on the other side of the synapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory(afferent) neurons, motor(efferent) neurons, interneurons |
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Term
| sensory(afferent) neurons |
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Definition
| carry info from sensory receptors to the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| carry info from the CNS to the effectors. |
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Term
| interneurons (association neurons) |
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Definition
| located in the brain and spinal cord of vertebrates, aid in complex reflexes and associative functions such as learning and memory. |
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Term
| What is the only major animal phylum without nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animals have the simplest nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the nervous system of cnidarians arranged? |
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Definition
| Neurons are linked together by a nerve net. It has no associative activity. |
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Term
| Which are the simplest animals with associative activity? |
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Definition
| flatworms (platyhelminthes) |
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Term
| How is the nervous system of flatworms arranged? |
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Definition
| Two nerve cords run down the body which permit complex muscle control |
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Term
| What are the three basic divisions of all vertebrate brains? |
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Definition
| hindbrain (rhombencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon), forebrain (prosencephalon) |
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Term
| Describe the hindbrain in fishes |
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Definition
| It is the largest portion |
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Term
| Describe the midbrain in fishes |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the forebrain in fishes |
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Definition
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Term
| which basic division became a dominant feature in the evolutionary ladder? |
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Definition
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Term
| Elements of the forebrain |
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Definition
| diencephalon, telencephalon("end brain") |
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Term
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Definition
| element of the forebrain, it includes the Thalamus and the Hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| element of the Diencephalon in the forebrain, it is the integration and relay center for visual, auditory and somatosensory info. |
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Term
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Definition
| element of the Diencephalon in the forebrain, participates in basic drives and emotions, it controls the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| telencephalon("end brain") |
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Definition
| element of the forebrain, devoted to associative activity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| name given to the telencephalon in mammals. |
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Term
| What does increased brain size reflects in mammals? |
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Definition
| The relatively great enlargement of the cerebrum. |
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Term
| What does increased brain size reflects in mammals? |
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Definition
| The relatively great enlargement of the cerebrum. |
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Term
| how is the cerebrum split. |
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Definition
| into the right and left cerebral hemispheres. |
|
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Term
| how are the right and left cerebral hemispheres connected? |
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Definition
| by a tract called the corpus callosum |
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Term
| How are each hemispheres divided? |
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Definition
| Into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes |
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Term
| Each hemisphere receives sensory input from the opposite (contralateral) side. (true or false) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is the outer layer of the cerebrum.
has a highly convoluted surface which triples the surface area of the human brain.
Contains about 10% of all neurons in brain (10 bill in humans) |
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Term
| What are the regions of the cerebral cortex? |
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Definition
Primary motor cortex: movement and control
Primary somatosensory conrtex: sensory control
Association cortex: higher mental functions |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregates of neuron cell bodies forming islands of grey matter within cerebrum white matter |
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Term
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Definition
| gland involved in instinctual and emotional responses |
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Term
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Definition
| emotional system, composed of the hypothalmus, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus and amygdala. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system, has to do with consolidation (short-term and long-term memory) |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system, almond shaped located deep within the temporal lobes, has roles in the processing and memory of emotional reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the limbic system, involved in emotion formation and processing, learning, memory, executive function of respiratory control. |
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Term
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Definition
| are the nuclei in pons and medulla which controls consciousness, alertness, sleep and waking states. |
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Term
| Which structure of the brain is required for factual (declarative) memory formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Condition where memory and thought become dysfunctional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Two causes of Alzheimer disease? |
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Definition
1- nerve cells are killed from the outside in by external protein B-amyloid.
2- Nerve cells are killed from the inside out by internal proteins tau (t) |
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Term
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Definition
| cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone |
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Term
| What encloses and protects the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| The vertebral column and meninges (system of membranes) |
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Term
| Functions of the spinal cord |
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Definition
relay messages between the body and the brain.
functions in reflexes. |
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Term
| What type of reflex is the knee-jerk reflex? |
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Definition
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Term
| cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) |
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Definition
| Considered the blood of the CNS, it is isolated from bloodstream (immune privileged), and it is located in the brain ventricles. |
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Term
| What does the Peripheral Nervous system consists of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bundles of axons bound by connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| aggregates of neuron cell bodies |
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Term
| What is the function of the PNS? |
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Definition
| to receive information from the environment and convey it to the CNS, which then carries responses to effectors such as muscle cells. |
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Term
| What are the two systems in the PNS? |
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Definition
| The somatic and the autonomic systems. |
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Term
| What are the two systems in the PNS? |
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Definition
| The somatic and the autonomic nervous systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the PNS, somatic motor neurons stimulate the skeletan muscle to contract, in response to conscious command or reflex actions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the PNS, it controls involuntary functions through two divisions. |
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Term
| What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| the sympathetic and the parasymphatetic divisions, plus the medulla oblongata. |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinates the autonomic nervous system. |
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Term
| Similarities of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions? |
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Definition
| In both, the efferent motor pathway involves two neurons: preganglionic neuron and postganglionic neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| neuron of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division efferent motor pathway. It has its cell body in the CNS and sends an axon to an autonomic ganglion. It releases ACh at its synapses. |
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Term
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Definition
neuron of the symphatetic and parasympathetic divisions efferent motor pathways. It has its cell body in the autonomic ganglion and sends its axon to synapse with a smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or gland cell.
Releases ACh in the parasympathetic division.
Releases norepinephrine in the sympathetic division. |
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Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons originate in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| In the thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord |
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Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| In the brain and sacral regions of spinal cord. |
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Term
| Describe axons in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
| Axons synapse in two parallel chains of ganglia right outside the spinal cord |
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Term
| Describe axons in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. |
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Definition
| Axons terminate in ganglia near or even within internal organs. |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that mediate responses to autonomic signals. Are activated by binding to ligand (ex: ACh).
An activated G protein proceeds to activate effector proteins. |
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