Term
| what does the nervous system reposnd to….how? |
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Definition
| stimuli…the neuron converts the stimuli into a electrochemical signal which are conducted through the nervous system |
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Term
| what are the parts of a neuron |
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Definition
| axons (surrounded by myelin sheath), dendrites, cell body (soma) |
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Term
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Definition
| cytoplasmic extensions that RECEIVE signals (and transmits it to the cell body) |
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Term
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Definition
| aka soma contains the nucleus and controls metabolic activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a single long extension from cell body that sends signals…starts at cell body ends at synaptic terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by 2 different glial cells(1 for CNS, and 1 for suPNS) segmented surounding of axons to increase sending speed |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that produce myleins sheaths(that surround axon)….Oligodentrocytes produces mylien of CNS…..Schwann cells produce mylein of PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| gaps in between segments of mylein sheaths |
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Term
| how does the axon and dendrites interact |
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Definition
| the neurotransmitters are realsed from axon side at the synaptic terminal and via the synapes (gap in between axon & dentrite), reaches the dentrite |
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Term
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Definition
| impulses travel the length of the axon and caused the releasing of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft |
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Term
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Definition
| when no impulse affect it, and the cell is polarized (K in, Na out) |
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Term
| for neurology, what does -70mV mean |
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Definition
| _ -70 millivolts means the INSIDE is more negative at resting (from K in and Na out) |
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Term
| difference between Action potential and resting potential when it comes to Na/K concentration |
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Definition
| at RP, the Na is out and K is in via Na-K pump (that actively transports 2 Na out and 2 K in)….AP makes them want to diffuse away from concnetration (Na moving in. K moving out |
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Term
| how does the Na and K move in and out |
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Definition
| they diffuse AWAY from the defult(defult is K in Na out)…active transport pumps 3Na out and 2K in |
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Term
| how exactly does AP change the Na K gradient |
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Definition
| causes depolrization(Na in leads to more + charge inside)….K channels respond by allowing K to move out which causes and super - charge…latter back to normal - charge |
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Term
| what does it take to reach action potential (in all-or-none reponse) |
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Definition
| having enough impulse to change the charge into -50mV (allowing enough Na inside to) reach threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| right after an actional potential is reached, it can be almost impossible to reach another AP because it is |
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Term
| how is stimulis intenisty measured |
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Definition
| by the frequency of actional potentials |
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Term
| how does the axon orient the Na/K movement during action potential |
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Definition
| its like the wave at a soccer game |
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Term
| presynaptic neuron vs post |
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Definition
| pre-axons part of the snypatic meeting gap post-dentrite part |
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Term
| what can axons communicate through via synpatic cleft |
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Definition
| muscle cells, glands or dendrtic cells |
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Term
| how is the mechanism of synpatic messengning |
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Definition
| vesicles containing neurotransmitters are diffused away and received by recpetor proteins on the membrane, which lead to the continuation of AP in the cell |
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Term
| what makes AP in the axon faster |
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Definition
| heavier mylein sheath, or wider axon, more/longer gaps of nodes |
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Term
| how does node of ranvier affect the action potential |
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Definition
| ap only jumps from node to node, not smoothly…more/longer gaps cause faster AP |
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Term
| how many # and % of neurotransmitters make it across synaps |
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Definition
| thoursands …not all (can either diffuse out or by enzyme) |
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Term
| difference between afferent and efferent neurons |
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Definition
| afferent carry sensory, and efferent carry motor |
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Term
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Definition
| only neurons that carry info across same tissue (brain ex only) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the CNS made up of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| interpret sensory info, forming motor plans, and cognitive thinking |
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Term
| what is the structure of a brain (colors) |
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Definition
| outer-gray cell bodies……inner white (myelinated axons) |
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Term
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Definition
| telencephalon:(cerebral cortex-surface of brain for sens & motor) (olfactory bulb-cntr for rception & intgration)……diencephalon (thalmus-relay for cns)(hypothalmus-automatic and endocrine) |
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Term
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Definition
| relay for visual/auditory |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior brain stem (cerebellem -balance cortex) (pons-communicate cortex with cerebellum)(medulla-vital breathing/heart rate/GI) |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS part that can do motor reflexes(via motor-sensor interaction), receive info(dorsol horn), release info(ventral horn)…contain cell bodies in dorsal ganglia) |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal(back) ventral(chest) |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous system |
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Definition
| consists of nerves and ganglia…also share sensory and motor nerves with CNS |
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Term
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Definition
| somatic(voluntary) and Automatic(involuntary) |
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Term
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Definition
| intervates cardiac and smooth muscles, (sympthatic-"flight or fight"norepinephrine) (parasympathetic-"rest and digest"acetlycholine) |
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Term
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Definition
| energy in the form of photon |
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Term
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Definition
| white part of eye, covers the eye |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd layer covers and provides the retina with oxygen via blood |
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Term
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Definition
| inner part of eye that makes us have a vision (via photoreceptors cones/rods) |
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Term
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Definition
| photorecpetor in retina used for light (high intensity illumination),,,contains rhodopsin for RBG,,,cones tightly packed in fovea center |
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Term
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Definition
| photorecpetor in retina used for low intensity and darkness |
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Term
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Definition
| front bending part of eye for focusing |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled by the muscular iris dilate/constrict diameter for light intensity |
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Term
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Definition
| nearsightedness from image is focus in front of retina |
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Term
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Definition
| farsightness from image focus behind retina |
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Term
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Definition
| weird cornea (shape of bendy) |
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Term
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Definition
| blindness from opaque lens |
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Term
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Definition
| vibrates to sound frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| ossicles (malleus,incus,stapes) amplifies stimulus |
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Term
| what helps maitains equilibrium for ear |
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Definition
| cochlea and vestibular apparatus |
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Term
| what helps maintain pressure in the ear |
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Definition
| hair cells in the basilar membrane |
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Term
| outside part of ear called |
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Definition
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Term
| how does invetebrate system work for protozoa |
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Definition
| no organized nervous system, only respond to stimuli |
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Term
| how does invetebrate system work for cnidaria |
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Definition
| nerve net for centralization |
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Term
| how does invetebrate system work for annelida |
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Definition
| has CNS with ventral ganglia and anterior brain |
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Term
| how does invetebrate system work for arthropoda |
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Definition
| has CNS with ventral ganglia and anterior brain plus sense organ (simple eyes,tympanum) |
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