Term
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Definition
- an evolutionary trend toward a clustering of sensory neurons and interneurons at the frond end
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Term
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Definition
- central nervous system: in vertebrates this consists of the brain and the spinal cord
- intergration (impulses are processed here)
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Term
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Definition
- peripheral nervous system: consists of nerves and ganglia
- sensory input (afferent nerves) and output aka response (efferent)
- Somatic: to and from skeletal muscles - voluntary (you are concious about these things
- Autonomic: regulates internal environment - not conscious (involuntary)
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Term
| The Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
- Sympathetic: fight or flight (dilates pupils, inhibits saliva production, etc.) - arousal and energy generation
- Parasympathetic: rest and rumination system (constricts pupils, stimulates saliva production) - calming and a return to self-maintenance functions
- Enteric: responsible for intestinal processes
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Term
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Definition
- Dendrites - recieves signals from other neurons
- Cell body (nucleus is found here)
- Axon - transmits signslas to other cells
- myelin layers (sheaths) - nodes of raniver - salutatory nerve signal
- Synapse - junction at which information is transmitted
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Term
| Pre-Synaptic and Post-Synaptic Cell |
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Definition
- Pre-Synaptic cell is the cell that is transmitting the signal
- Post-Synaptic cell is the cell that is recieveing the signal
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Term
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Definition
- Reflex starts by tapping tendon connected to quad muscle
- Causes muscle to stretch --> sensory neurons convey information to spinal cord (dorsal horn and grey matter)
- Motor neurons send signal back to quad telling it to contract and jerk leg forward
- ALSO, sensory neurons communicate with interneors that inhibit motor neurons that lead to hamstring to prevent it from contracting hamstring
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Term
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Definition
- Grey matter - mainly neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons
- White matter - mainly budled axons with myelin sheaths
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Term
| Mechanics of a Resting Potential |
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Definition
- Outside axon is a positive charge and inside is a negative charge - this is called RESTING POTENTIAL
- Have gated sodium and potassium channels to generate resting potential
- During resting stage: sodium and potassium gates are both closed
- Action potential is reached by the influx of sodium ions inside while potassium channels opening causes potassium to leave bringing the cell back to resting potential
- Action potential is the reversal of these charges
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Term
| Concentration of Potassium and Sodium in Neurons |
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Definition
- Potassium is concentrated inside the cell
- Sodium is concentrated outside the cell
- Chlorine is coenctrated outside the cell as well
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Term
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Definition
- a voltage (difference in electrical charge) across the plasma membrane
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Term
| Volatage Changes in Neurons |
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Definition
- -70mV is resting potential
- Depolarization: causes voltage to reach threshold
- Then a fast spike occurs to acction potential
- Then falls back to resting potential
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Term
| Synapse and Neurotrasmitting |
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Definition
- Where axon connects to neighboring dendrites
- Gap junctions: elextrical signals stop here
- Neurotransmitter signal vesciles
- Neurotransmitters diffuse a short distance through the synaptic cleft and arrive at the post synaptic membrane
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Term
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Definition
| voluntary muscles, autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
| generally excitatory, pleasure, depression |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Possible ways of manipulating Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
- Blocking reuptake by the presynaptic membrane
- Blocking the uptake by post synaptic membrane
- Make them stay longer at the post synpatic membrane
- Blocking the release
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Term
| Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Cells and Neurotransmitting |
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Definition
- At the terminal of the presynaptic neuronm neurotransmitters are put into synaptic vessciles
- Action potential depolarizes plasma membrane, opens channels and allows Ca+2 to diffuse into terminal
- Rise of Ca+2 concentration causes synaptic vessicles to fuse with terminal membrane
- Neurotransmitters bind to postsynatpic channels and allows potassium and sodium in which changes the resting potential
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Term
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Definition
- Repitilian brain
- The Limbic System
- The Neo-cortex
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Term
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Definition
- Brain stem and cerebelluum
- First part of brain to develop
- Handles automatic processes: fight or flight, blinking, breathing, etc.
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Term
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Definition
- Paleomamallian brain (around with our first ancestors)
- Deals with emotions and memory
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Term
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Definition
- Neo-Mammalian brain (evolutionary adaptation)
- Higher order thinking, creative and logical thoughts
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Term
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Definition
- The Pons: breathing, facial muscles
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Term
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Definition
- Medulla: coughing, gagging, swallowing, hreatbeat and also breathing
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Term
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Definition
- Center for controlling arousal and sleep
- System of eneurons distrubuted throught the core of the brainstem that filters sensory input
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Term
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Definition
- Instinctual reactions like flirting, pressure to act, road rage, response to danger
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Term
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Definition
- Located on top of brainstem
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Part of Hypothalamus
- Pituatary gland
- Associated with all emotions
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Term
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Definition
- Spatial memory, transient episodic memory, transfers experiences into long-term memory
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Term
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Definition
- Neural structure lying below the thalamus
- Eating, drinking, body temperature, sex drive
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Term
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Definition
- Two almond shaped neural clusters
- Emotions and emotional memory
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Term
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Definition
- Center for conscious thought and logic
- Reading, listening, speaking, action, planning
- Experience of our senses
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Term
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Definition
- Left: logical
- Right: creative
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Term
| Regions of the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
- Frontal: speech, associations and reasoning, motor cortex
- Temporal: hearing
- Occipital: reading, vision
- Parietal: speech, somatosensory cortex
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Term
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Definition
- Face, tongue, jaw, lips, eye, brow, neck, knee...etc things you can control
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Term
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Definition
- Can't really distinguish this
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Term
| Which of the Three Brains is Most Powerful |
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Definition
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