Term
| What should happen with the neural tube? |
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Definition
| Zips up and should form the future brain & spinal cord |
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Definition
| Failure of the neural tube zipping up at the top. Results in a weird looking baby. |
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Definition
| Late or no closure of the neural tube |
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Definition
| No spinal cord & have no feeling |
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Definition
| No problems as long as the person doesn't get hit in that area |
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Definition
| Sac forms outside the body |
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Definition
| Sac forms outside the body with the spinal cord being exposed |
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Term
| What happens with a person with Meningomylocele? |
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Definition
| Spinal cord pulls dorsally on the brain stem & blocks the CSF from circulating = enlarged head |
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Definition
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Definition
| Dead skin cells & has Keratin |
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Definition
| Protein found in the Stratum Corneum that protects the skin from abrasions |
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Definition
| Very thin & only found in hands and soles |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Produce the other layers of the epidermis & contain Melanocytes |
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Definition
| Produce Melanin & seen in skin pigment. They help prevent UV light from hurtin the skin |
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Definition
| Middle layer of the three main layers of the skin |
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Definition
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Definition
| Made of Dense Irregular CT & thick collagen fibers |
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Definition
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Definition
| Smooth muscle that makes hair stand up |
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Definition
| If destroyed, hair will not grow back. Have Melanocytes & produce your hair color! |
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Definition
| Produce oil (Sebum) on the skin |
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Definition
| Oil that is found on skin |
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Definition
| Found on sweat glands, they squeeze sweat to the surface of our skin |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Surround nissil substances & protect the neuron from breaking or tearing |
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Definition
| Receive impulses & and carry impulses toward the cell body |
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Definition
| Carry impulses away from the cell body |
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Definition
| Initiates action potentials |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Only one process & found on SENSORY NEURONS |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory neuron-interneuron-motor neuron |
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Term
| Attachment of Sensory & Motor Neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory neurons attach dorsally & Motor neurons attach ventrally |
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Definition
| Cell bodies & interneurons |
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Definition
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Definition
| Strictly either sensory or motor neurons |
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Definition
| Found only on sensory neurons |
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Definition
| Sensory & motor neurons meet |
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Definition
| Mix of sensory & motor neurons |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| The release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic element to the synaptic cleft to the postsynaptic element |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Stars, move ions, regulate blood flow, make sure synapses are working! |
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Definition
| Oval body, thorn bush, is phagocytic! |
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Definition
| Insulates the central canal |
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Definition
| Form myelin & only in CNS! |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers and layers of myelin & only found in PNS! |
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Term
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Definition
| Impulse jumps from node to node & speeds up the impulse |
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Term
| Myelinated & Unmyelinated Axons |
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Definition
| Myelinated causes impulse to be quicker compared to unmyelinated |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensing stretch in tendons, ligaments, & muscles (need to know how far to reach for something, etc.) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Bundle of nerve fibers (in PNS only!) |
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Definition
| Bundle of nerve fibers in white matter (CNS only!) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Away from the CNS (motor) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Pressure, pain, temperature, touch, joint/tendon/muscle stretch |
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Definition
| Hearing, vision, smell, balance |
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Definition
| Pain & stretch in organs (stomach, bladder, etc.) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Movment of skeletal muscles (includes tongue & eyes!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction & glands secreting |
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Term
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Definition
| Pharyngeal muscles (chewing & swallowing) |
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Term
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Definition
| Border that seperates the Alar & Basal plates! |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Covered by connective tissue! |
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Term
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Definition
| Senses light touch (lips & hands) & in Dermis (dermal papillae) |
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Term
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Definition
| Senses deep pressure & vibrations |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents the ripping of tendons |
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Term
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Definition
| Monitor if muscles are stretched |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
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Definition
| Alar Plate neurons migrate out through the white matter! |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (motor end plate) |
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Definition
| Synapse of motor nueron & muscle = acetylcholine released & excites membrane to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| Carry general somatic sensory information to cerebral cortex & cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
Fine touch, pressure, proprioception sensations
Pathway = dorsal column tract-medulla-medial lemniscus tract (crosses over!!)-thalamus-cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Pain & temperature
Pathway = interneuron-crosses over!!-spinothalamic tract-thalamus-cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
Proprioception sensations
Pathway = interneuron-cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
Stimulus to either side of body will affect opposite cerebral cortex
Example = stroke to right side of brain will damage left side of body
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Term
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Definition
| More than one neuron is needed to transfer info to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons carrying info from different parts of the body! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary Somatosensory Area |
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Definition
| Located on the Postcentral Gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
| "Little Man", brain regions relate to our body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Parts of our brain that relate to bodily functions |
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Term
| Higher-Order Processing Areas |
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Definition
Recognizing & interpreting sensory inputs
Example = feel keys in pocket & hear a sound and know what it is |
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Term
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Definition
Higher mental function
deep thought, planning & organizing, concentration, inhibit inappropriate impulses, social skills |
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Term
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Definition
| Located on Precentral Gyrus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyramidal cells in Primary Motor Area go to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls complex movements |
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Term
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Definition
Consist of hippocampus & Amygdala
Involve emotions & memory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Remembering fear (fear almond!!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Relates to both emotional & visceral functions |
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Term
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Definition
| Carries out our movements, starting & stopping movements, repetitive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Relay stations for sensory information to the cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral control = temperature, hunger, metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Involved in visual aspects (tracking down a fence while driving) |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving our vision to a loud source of sound (being startled!!) |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't feel pain during fear (leopard & man story) |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be destroyed by toxins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three cerebellum inputs? |
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Definition
| Balance, proprioception, voluntary movements |
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Term
| Cerebellum Input (Balance) |
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Definition
Ear-medulla-cerebellum cortex
Axon goes through inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Cerebellum Input (Proprioception) |
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Definition
Spinocerebellar pathway!
Axon goes through inferior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Cerbellum Input (Voluntary Movement) |
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Definition
Primary motor area-pyramidal tract-pons-cerebellum cortex
Axon goes through middle cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
| Cerebellum Communicationg Back With Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
Purkinjie nuerons-cerebral cortex
Axong goes through superior cerebellar peduncle |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the cerebellum cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| Have pontine nuclei = relay station betweent cerebral cortex & cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Has inferior olivary nucleus = relay station for spinocerebellar pathway! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Visceral functions = heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure |
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Term
| Reticular Activating System |
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Definition
Reticular formation-cerebral cortex
Stimulates cerebral cortex & keeps you awake! |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood flow on the brain shows where activity is occuring |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear |
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Term
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Definition
| Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, hypoglossal |
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Term
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Definition
| Trigeminal, Facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus/spinal accessory |
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Term
| What CN innervates the skin of the face? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates touch on the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates taste on the tongue? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates the throat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates the pharynx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates the facial expressions? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates the chewing muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which CN innervates swallowing? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In PNS, only General Visceral Motor, two neuron chain (pre & postganglionic neuron) |
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Term
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Definition
| Activates organs (resting & digesting) |
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Term
| Where does parasympathetic branch off from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the CN's that come off the cranial part of the parasympathetic? |
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Definition
3 - eye constriction
7 - lacrimal gland
9 -parotid gland
10 - heart & all organs in the body |
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Term
| What does the sacral part of the parasympathetic innervate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Shuts down organs (fight, fright, flight) |
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Term
| Locations of the Sympathetic ns |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Sympathetic ns mainly innervate? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels, glands, errector pili |
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Term
| Sympathetic: once the neruon goes through the white ramus communicantes & enters the chain ganglion... it can do what three things? |
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Definition
1. Synapse & go straight to organ
2. Go through a different chain ganglion & synapse to organ
3. Ascend or descend to another chain ganglion |
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Term
| Sympathetic: If it needs to go back to the skin.... |
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Definition
| Once it arrives in the chain ganglion, goes through gray rami communicantes & goes through either dorsal or ventral ramus! |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrous, Vascular, Retina |
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Term
| Where is aqueous humer made, located, & leave to circulate? |
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Definition
Ciliary body, anterior segment, sinus venosus sclerae
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Term
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Definition
| Bipolar neuron-ganglion neuron-thalamus-visual cortex |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Auditory Impulses to the Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
| Sound waves-tympanic membrane-malleus-incus-stapes-oval window-scalla vestibuli (perilymph)-cochlear duct(endolymph)-basilar membrane-spiral organ of corti(hair cells)(attaches to tectorial membrane) |
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Term
| Auditory Pathway to Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
| Vestibulocochlear nerve-cochlear nuclei-thalamus-auditory cerebral cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| In CNS, lightens CNS, so the soft brain is not crushed under its own weight!! |
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