Term
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Definition
| sensory input, integration, and control of body |
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Term
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Definition
composed of brain and spinal cord.
control center for body. |
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Definition
(CNS)
integrate info and controls responses
medulla oblongata and hypothalamus |
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Definition
| heart rate, blood pressure, co2 and respiration |
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Definition
| body temp, heart rate, blood pressure |
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Definition
connects everything to CNS
it is all nerve tissue not of the brain or spinal cord
afferent and efferent cells |
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Definition
PNS
cells that carry info to CNS from organs and skin |
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Definition
PNS
carry info away from CNS
motor neurons |
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Term
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Definition
part of the PNS
connects CNS with skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
connects CNS and smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands
involuntary control of body and internal function
works with endocrine system
2 parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Definition
fight or flight response
relaxes intestinal wall, increases sweating and heart rate |
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Definition
resting and digesting
contracts intestine, decreases sweating and heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
regeneration of neurons
located int he hippocampus and olfactory bulb
increased in low stress, exercise conditions |
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Definition
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Definition
outnumber neurons 50:1
1/2 weight of brain
smaller than neurons, protect them |
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Term
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Definition
| astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, microglia |
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Term
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Definition
most numerous
presents antigens
maintains K+, neurotransmitters, blood flow to brain |
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Term
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Definition
immune cell-macrophage
regulates brain communication
helps with neuron growth and connectivity |
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Term
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Definition
wrap around larger nerves
helps transmissions stay in nerve and travel faster |
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Term
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Definition
line central cavity of brain and spine
circulates cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| satellite and schwann cells |
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Term
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Definition
PNS
surrounds neuron cell body, and controls chemical environment |
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Term
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Definition
PNS
forms myelin sheath in PNS
removes damaged nerves
helps with nerve fiber regeneration |
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Term
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Definition
| long lived, dont reproduce, high metabolic rate |
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Term
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Definition
lots of O2 and glucose
20% body energy , 15% cardiac input |
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Term
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Definition
| cell body, dendrite, axon |
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Term
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Definition
short process that branches like a tree
receives input |
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Term
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Definition
only one per neuron
end branches are called telodendria
base of axon is spike initiation zone
has myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
phospholipid layer that increases speed of nerve impulses
protection and insulation |
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Term
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Definition
| bare area on axon where AP is regenerated |
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Definition
| at least two dendrites and axon |
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Definition
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Definition
| only one axon that is directly connected to dendrite |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
active transport and open/close
ligand gated, voltage gated, mechanically gated |
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Term
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Definition
gated channel
opens in response to neurotransmitter, hormone, or ions
binding of chemical to gate opens it |
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Term
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Definition
gated channel
open in response to current
used with AP's
activation gates open, inactivation gates close |
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Term
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Definition
gated channel
opens in response to sound waves, pressure and stretching
force distorts the channel open. |
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Term
| resting membrane potential |
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Definition
positive on the outside, negative on the inside
oustide has more Na+. inside has more K+
75X more permeable to K than Na
sodium potassium pump prevents equilibrium |
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Term
| ion pumps (sodium potassium) |
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Definition
driven by ATP
slower than open channel
moves 3 Na+ in, causes ATP to split, changes shape of gate, 2K+ go into gate, reconfigures and lets 2K+ out |
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Term
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Definition
| graded and action potential |
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Term
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Definition
causes inside of membrane to be less negative
increases chance of AP
releases KE in form of current |
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Term
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Definition
local depolarization
produced by stimulation of voltage gates for Na+ |
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Term
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Definition
only in neurons and muscle cells
doesnt degrade with distance
four steps:
resting state, depolarizing phase, repolarizing, and undershoot |
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Term
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Definition
| resting membrane potential is -70 mV |
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Term
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Definition
depolarizing phase
local current depolarizes spike initiation
Na+ gates open
interior membrane gets more positive until -55mV (threshold)
becomes self generating due to positive feedback
at 30mV, Na+ inactivation gates close |
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Term
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Definition
repolarizing phase
K+ moves out of cell and cell repolarizes to resting level |
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Term
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Definition
undershoot
slightly more K+ leaves than necessary
sodium potassium pump restores ionic balance |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of Na+ causes other Na+ gates to open |
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Term
| coding for stimulus intensity |
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Definition
FM and AM
FM is used because all AP are of equal magnitude |
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Term
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Definition
when a neuron cannot generate AP
absolute and relative |
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Term
| absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| top of graph, causes AP to go in one direction |
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Term
| relative refractory period |
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Definition
follows absolute refractory period
Na+ gates are resting and K+ are open
at this point threshold is higher than resting-normal stimulus cannot generate multiple AP
strong stimulus can though |
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Term
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Definition
depends on axon diameter and myelin sheathing
larger diameter, faster the potential |
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Term
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Definition
prevents degradation of AP
bare spots between sheath is node of ranvier
all Na+ and K+ is located here
AP jumps from node to node-salutatory conduction |
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Term
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Definition
prevents degradation of AP
bare spots between sheath is node of ranvier
all Na+ and K+ is located here
AP jumps from node to node-salutatory conduction |
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Term
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Definition
junction between two neurons or neuron and effector cell
electrical, excitatory, chemical, inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
connected by bridged junction
permits rapid, synchronization of AP
found in brain |
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Term
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Definition
most common synapse that uses neurotransmitter
axon terminal, synaptic cleft, receptor region |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
binding of neurotransmitter causes opening of Na+ channels |
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Term
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Definition
neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
opens ion channel that increases membrane potential to -80mV |
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Term
| inactivation by enzymatic degradation |
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Definition
| neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| transporter proteins take neurotransmitter back into axon terminal |
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Term
| types of neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, neuropeptides, ATP, and NO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| used in skeletal muscle stimulation and some autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
serotonin, epinephrine
function as emotional behavior and clock |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
endorphins
mediator of pain signals |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| used as a vascular toning agent |
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Term
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Definition
one incoming fiber triggers response in increasing # of neurons
amplifies signal |
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Term
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Definition
terminates in one neuron
concentrates stimulation into one place |
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Term
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Definition
signal goes through a series of neurons, each of which is connected to a previous one. signal is rejuvenated
continuous signal until one neuron is inhibited
used in rhythmic activities |
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Term
| parallel after discharge circuits |
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Definition
single neuron stimulates several which then stimulate a single output neuron
burst of impulses after initial input |
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