Term
| 3 Major Functions of Nervous System |
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Definition
| sensory stimuli: monitors changes internally and externally of body (stimuli, sensory input); integrates information: processes and interprets sensory information (integration); response: gives off effects and response |
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Definition
| CNS; brain and spinal cord; dorsal cavities; integrating and command centers; interprets incoming signals |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| PNS; structures are outside of CNS; nerves extending from brain and spinal cord; spinal nerves and cranial nerves; carries impulses to and from the CNS |
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Definition
| sensory division (afferent) and motor division (efferent) |
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Definition
| afferent; somatic sensory fibers (skin, joints, muscles); visceral sensory fibers (visceral organs); keeps CNS constantly informed of events both inside and outside of the body |
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Definition
| efferent; somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle); autonomic nervous system (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands); sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| 2 Types of Cells in Nervous System |
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Definition
| supporting cells and neurons |
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Definition
| neuroglia ("nerve glue"; supports, insulates, and protects neurons); many types; cannot transmit impulses; lose ability to divide |
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Definition
| CNS glial cells; star shaped; make up half of neural tissue; brace and support; anchors neurons to capillaries and to their nutrient supply; protect from harmful substances; controls chemical environment |
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| disposes of debris including dead brain cells and bacteria |
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| glial cells; line central cavities of brain and spinal cord; helps to circulate CSF in cavities and cushion brain |
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Definition
| glial cells; wrap tightly around nerve fibers producing myelin covering; CNS only |
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Definition
| transmit signals and lose ability to divide; has body that contains at least one dendrite; body contains nucleus; neurofibrils help to maintain shape |
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Definition
| schwann cells (form myelin sheath around nerve fibers of PNS); satellite cells (protect and cushion) |
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Definition
| conveys incoming messages toward cell body (reciever) |
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Definition
| conveys outgoing messages away from cell body (transmitter); many have branches called collaterals; branch at terminals; tiny vesicles in terminals contain neurotransmitters; carry impulses |
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Definition
| part of cell body that connects to axon |
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Definition
| tiny gap between axon and next neroun; aka neurotransmitter junction |
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Definition
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Definition
| whitish (composed of white matter), fatty material covering long nerve fibers; insulates and protects; increases speed of impulses |
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Definition
| provide myelin covering for nerve cells in PNS |
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Definition
| formed when Schawnn cells wrap around the axon in a tight coiled manner enclosing the axon |
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Definition
| outer most ring of Schwann cells wrapped around nerve fiber; only in PNS (?) |
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Definition
| gaps between individual Schwann cells |
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Definition
| only in CNS; clusters of nerve cell bodies (gray/dark matter) |
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers running through CNS (myelinated/white matter); only in CNS |
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Definition
| small collections of nerve cell bodies found in few sites outside PNS; myelinated |
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Definition
| bundle of nerve fibers running through PNS; myelinated |
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Definition
| myelinated regions of CNS; interior of brain; dense collection of myelinated fibers; tracts |
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Definition
| outer rim of brain; contains cell bodies |
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Definition
| afferent; incoming; dorsal (enter through back of spinal cord); (SAID) |
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Definition
| outgoing; ventral (exits from front of spinal cord); efferent; (MOVE) |
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Definition
| neurons carrying impulses from CNS to muscles, glands, and/or viscera; cell bodies of motor neurons always located in CNS (have very long axons) |
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Definition
| neurons carrying impulses from CNS to muscles, glands, and/or viscera; cell bodies of motor neurons always located in CNS (have very long axons) |
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Term
| Interneurons/Association Neurons |
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Definition
| connects motor and sensory neurons; cell bodies are located in CNS |
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Term
| Central Nervous System Development |
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Definition
| first appears as simple tube/neural tube in first trimester of development |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebral hemispheres (4); diencephalon; brain stem; cerebellum |
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Definition
| cerebrum; 2; most superior and largest part of brain; gyrus; sulcus; fissure; lobes |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| deep groove separating larger areas |
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Definition
| division of each cerebral hemisphere |
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Definition
| frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital (named for underlying bones); |
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Definition
| 3 regions: superficial-gray matter, internal-white matter, deep-basal nuclei (islands of gray matter) |
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Term
| 4 Landmarks of Cerebral Cortex |
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Definition
| longitudinal fissure; central sulcus; lateral sulcus; parietal-occipital sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| separates R and L hemispheres |
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Definition
| separates frontal and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| separates temporal lob from parietal and frontal lobes |
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Term
| Parietal-Occipital Sulcus |
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Definition
| spearates occipital and parietal lobes |
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Term
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Definition
| language, intellect, impulse control, social/sexual behavior, judgement, word meanings, problem solving, safety awareness, reasoning, motor function, memory, comprehension; pre-central gyrus-motor cortex; Broca's area |
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Term
| Pre-Central Gyrus-Motor Cortex |
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Definition
| frontal lobe; anterior to central sulcus; primary motor area; corticospinal/pyramidal tract; hands, mouth and face |
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Term
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Definition
| frontal lobe; specialized area on left side of frontal obe involved in ability to speak; at base of pre-central gyrus motor cortex; left hemisphere only; meeting of temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes; damage results in inability to speak (know what to say, just cannot say it) |
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Term
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Definition
| sensation and perception of sensory input, recognition of sensation, cognition, and spatial relations; post central gyrus |
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Definition
| parietal lobe; posterior to central sulcus; primary somatic sensory area; hand and lips-most sensory receptors |
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Definition
| organization of sensory input (esp. hearing); language, word recognition, memory and recall; verbal skills, hearing; site of seizures (epilepsy); Weirnikes area |
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Definition
| temporal lobe; speech, junction of frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes; allows you to sound out words; only in left hemisphere |
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Definition
| vision and visual perception; visual spatial relations |
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Term
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Definition
| deeper tissue is white matter; fiber tracts carry impulses to and from and within cortex; corpus callosum (connects cerebral hemispheres) |
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Definition
| areas of grey matter deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; regulates voluntary motor control activity (initiation, termination, quality of movement); modifies instructions sent to the skeletal muscles by primary motor cortex; motor control center; Globus Pallidus; Putamen; Caudate Nucleus (head/tail); Substantianigra; amygdala (base of caudate nucleus's tail) |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of basal ganglia; substantia nigra issues |
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Term
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Definition
| disease of basal ganglia; related to striatum issues between putamen and caudate |
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Term
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Definition
| problem with basal ganglia |
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Definition
| large, cauliflower-like structure projecting from underneath occipital lobe; 2 hemispheres; convoluted surface; outer surface is gray matter; inner surface is white matter; vermis; balance and coordination; monitors body position and initiates appropriate corrective measures; movements are smooth and precise; integrates information received from eyes, inner ears, and proprioceptors of the muscles and tendons; alcohol inhibits function of cerebellum |
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Definition
| holds right and left cerebellum together |
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Term
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Definition
| sits on top of brain stem; covered by cerebral hemispheres; includes thalamus and hypothalamus; involved in emotion and drive; limbic system; pituitary gland; mammillary bodies; epi thalamus; pineal body; choroid plexus |
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Term
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Definition
| diencephalon; relay station for sensory impulses passing upwards to cortex; interprets sensation; encloses 3rd ventricle |
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Definition
| diencephalon; part of autonomic nervous system; works with pituitary; center that regulates body temp, H2O balance, and metabolism; NOT and endocrine gland; regulates pituitary gland; secretes 2 hormones of its own |
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Term
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Definition
| diencephalon; emotional center of brain; thirst, appetite, pleasure and pain centers |
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Term
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Definition
| diencephalon; master gland; hangs from bottom of hypothalamus by slender stalk structure |
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Definition
| diencephalon; reflex centers; sense of smell; bulge from the floor of the hypothalamus behind the pituitary gland |
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Definition
| diencephalon; forms roof of 3rd ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| diencephalon; gland involved in the body's response to light (sleep/wake cycle) |
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Term
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Definition
| diencephalon; capillaries within each ventricle that form the CSF |
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Term
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Definition
| includes midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata; ascending and descending tracts; many small gray matter areas |
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Term
| Small Gray Matter Areas of Brain Stem |
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Definition
| autonomic programmed systems critical to survival; control vital activities (breathing, bp) cranial nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| brain stem; right below diencephalon; small portion of brain stem; from mamillary bodies to pons; cerebral aqueduct; cerebral peduncles; corpora quadrigema |
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Term
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Definition
| part of midbrain; tiny canal connecting 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle |
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Definition
| part of midbrain; anteriorly in midbrain; convey ascending and descending impulses |
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Term
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Definition
| part of midbrain; contains 2 superior and 2 inferior colliculi; 2 medial and 2 lateral geniculate |
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Term
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Definition
| brain stem; rounded structure protruding just below the midbrain; pons=bridge; mostly fiber tracts; many important nuclei involved in breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| brain stem; most inferior part of brain stem; merges into spinal cord; important fiber tract; contains many nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities (heart rate, bp, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting); 4th ventricle is posterior to pons and medulla oblongata, but anterior to cerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| extends entire length of brain stem; diffuse mass of gray matter; reticular activation system; damage may result in permanent coma |
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Term
| Reticular Activation System |
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Definition
| RAS; consciousness levels and sleep/wake cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| skull, membranes (meninges); watery cushion (CSF); blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| dura mater; arachnoid mater; pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| outermost layer of meninges; leathery double layer; periosteal layer; meningeal layer; continuous covering of brain and spinal cord; subdural hematoma |
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Definition
| dura mater; attached to inner skull |
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Definition
| dura mater; forms outer covering of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| middle layer of meninges that looks like a spider web; has thread-like extensions; subarachnoid space contains CSF; subarachnoid hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
| innermost layer of meninges; delicate tissue; clings to brain and spinal cord surface; follows every fold of brain |
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Term
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Definition
| CSF; water plasma that cushions the brain; contains vitamin C and ions; formed by choroid plexus; protects fragile nervous tissue from blows and trauma; circulates in subarachnoid space; returns blood via dural sinuses; total volume of CSF is replace multiple times a day |
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Term
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Definition
| right and left ventricles are hollow C-like structures; offshoot from lateral ventricles and connect to 3rd ventricle in middle |
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Term
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Definition
| connects down aqueduct to 4th ventricle |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to central canal going to spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains constant homeostatic internal environment; neurons are kept separated from blood borne substances by the least permeable capillaries in the body; water, glucose, and essential amino acids can pass through; metabolic waste and most drugs are prevented from entering brain tissue; cannot keep out fats, gases, and other fat soluble molecules; end stage liver disease |
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Definition
| continuation of brain stem; runs from foramen magnum of skul to 1st or 2nd lumbar vertebrae; major reflex center; gray matter look like an 'H'; dorsal/posterior horns; ventral/anterior horns; central canal in middle contains CSF; dorsal and ventral roots fuse together to form spinal nerve; funiculi; |
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Term
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Definition
| lateral (efferent information), dorsal (afferent information), anterior (efferent information) |
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Term
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Definition
| 31 pairs; each is composed of dorsal and ventral root; exit foramen above corresponding vertebrae (hence there are 8 cervical nerves); cauda equina is where they exit; |
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Term
| Anterior Circulation to Brain |
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Definition
| internal carotid arteries; enter skull at carotid canal; divide into anterior (ACA) and middle (MCA) cerebral arteries which serve the anterior and middle section of the cerebrum |
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Term
| Posterior Circulation to Brain |
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Definition
| vertebral arteries (paired); transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae; join together to form basilar artery; serves brain stem and cerebellum; basilar artery divides to form posterior cerebral arteries (PCA) that supply the posterior cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| where the anterior and posterior circulation systems of the brain meet |
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Term
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Definition
| connections between anterior and posterior circulations |
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Term
| Anterior Communicating Artery |
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Definition
| connects right and left: aka ACOM |
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Term
| Posterior Communicating Artery |
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Definition
| connects front and back; PCOM |
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Term
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Definition
| nerves; endoneurium; perineurium; epinerium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coarser connective tissue which wraps groups of nerve fibers into bundles called fascicles |
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Definition
| tough fibrous sheath that binds together multiple fascicles to form the nerve |
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Definition
| nerves that carry both sensory and motor information |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 pairs of cranial nerves; innervate the head and neck and special senses (vagus is exception); located on brain's anterior surface; are motor only, sensory only, or mixed |
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Term
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Definition
I Olfactory s
II Optic s
III Occulomotor m
IV Trochlear m
V Trigeminal b
VI Adducens m
VII Facial b
VIII Vestibulocochlear s
IX Glossopharyngeal b
X Vagus b
XI Accessory m
XII Hypoglossa m
(oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah heaven)
(some say money matters, but my brother says big boobs matter more) |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS; complex network of nerves from spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
Roots (5)- 5 cord levels; C5-T1
Trunks (3)- superior, middle, inferior
Divisions (3 sets of 2)- anterior and posterior each
Cords (3)- lateral, posterior, medial
Branches (5)- nerves: axillary, musculocutaneous, median, radial, ulnar |
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Term
| Risk Areas of Nerves of Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
median- carpal tunnel
radial- midshaft fracture or injury- suffer from wrist drop
unlar nerve damage- looks like holding a pistol (funny bone) |
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Term
| Movement of Nerves of Brachial Plexus |
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Definition
median- wrist flexion and 3 finger flexion
radial- wrist and 3 finger extension
ulnar- 2 finger flexion |
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Term
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Definition
| sciatic nerve- huge; as big as thumb; tibial nerve- injured by break in tibia; peroneal nerve- injured by broken fibula |
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Term
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Definition
| descending; efferent; voluntary motor control; upper motor neuron (UMN, from brain to spinal cord) and lower motor neuron (LMN, from spinal cord down to nerve roots where muscles are innervated); primary motor cortex of frontal lobe; crosses over in medulla; descends spinal cord in lateral funiculus |
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Term
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Definition
| ascending; afferent; sensory information; pain and temperature (lateral); light touch (anterior); sensory receptors in periphery; spinal nerve to dorsal ganglia; |
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Term
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Definition
| C3, C4, C5; innervate the diaphragm |
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Definition
| hidden deep in temporal lobe; memory and spatial orientation; part of limbic system |
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Definition
| part of cerebral cortex hidden under lateral fissure and temporal lobe |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| impaired sequencing abilities |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| mentalis, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, frontalis, occipitalis, platysma |
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Definition
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Definition
| sternocleidomastoid, trapezius |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| infraspinatus, supraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
| axillary nerve, subscapular nerve, suprascapular nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| biceps brachii, brachialis |
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Term
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Definition
| triceps brachii, brachioradialis, supinator, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus |
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Definition
| levator scapulae, rhomboid minor, rhomboid major |
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Definition
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Definition
| pronator teres, flexor digitorum, flexor carpi radialis |
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Definition
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Definition
| gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, tensor fascia latae |
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Definition
| iliacus, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedialis, vastus medius, sartorius |
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Definition
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Definition
| biceps femoris, semimembranosus, emiteninosus |
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Definition
| gastrocneius, soleus, tibialis posterior |
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Definition
| peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis anterior |
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