1. Sensory Input

2. Integration

3. Motor Output

*neuroglia of the CNS

*most abundant

*connects neurons to capillaries

*Neuroglia in CNS

*myelination in CNS

*provide structural support

*Neuroglia of CNS

*highly branched

*phagocytic (defence/clean-up)

*Neuroglia of PNS

*Around axons

*Form myelin in PNS

*conducts impulses toward cell body

*contains cell organelles

*conducts impulses away from cell body

*Nodes of Ravier are more widely spaced

*CNS myelin sheaths lack a neurilemma

*oligodendrocytes can coil around up to 60 axons at once

*myelin in CNS hardens

*neurons slows down or stops conducting impulses altogether

1. Axon diameter

~larger diameter, faster impulse

2. Degree of Myelination

~more myelinated, faster impulse

*Where 2 neurons communicate

*Excitatory neurotransmitter

*Controls Skeletal muscle

*monoamine

*Excitatory or Inhibitory neurotransmitter

*"feeling good" neurotransmitter

*monoamine

*excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitter

"feeling good" neurotransmitter

*associated with Parkinson's

*monoamine

*excitatory or inhibitory

*monoamine

*mainly inhibitory

*plays a role in sleep, appetite, nausea, and headaches

*Causes hyperpolarization

*more difficult to reach AP

*causes depolarization

*makes it easier to reach AP

*amino acid

*major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain

*amino acid

*major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord

*amino acid

*major excitatory neurotransmitter of the brain

*amino acid

*excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS (cerebellum)

*strings of amino acids

*broad spectrum of molecules with different effects

*neuropeptide

*natural opiates

*reduce perception of pain under certain cercumstances (labor, injury)

*neuropeptide

*mediator of pain signals

*in foods like turkey

*makes you sleepy

*decreases anxiety

*increases binding of GABA

*increases alertness

*affects acetylcholine

*creates feeling of euphoria

*Affects norepinephrine

*mood elevator

*affects sarotonin

*neural tube doesnt fully develop

*babies dont live

*neural tube doesnt fully develop on spinal side

*spinal cord is exposed

1. cover and protect the CNS

2. protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses

3. contain cerebrospinal fluid

4. form partitions in the skull

*strongest meninx

*leathery, two-layer sheet of connective tissue that protects the brain

*middle meninx

*loose brain covering

*meninx that clings tightly to the brain

*delicate connective tissue with tiny blood vessels

1. motor areas

2. sensory areas

3. association areas

*located in the precentral gyrus

*prcise voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

*in front of primary motor

*in charge of learned movements that are repetitive (riding a bike, writing)

*in front of the premotor area

*only in one hemisphere (usually left)

*motor side of speech

*occipital lobe

*visual information that originates on the retina

*lateral temporal lobe

*interpret sounds into pitch, louness, and location

*medial temporal lobe

*conscious awareness of different odors

*base of postcentral gyrus

*task management

*solving problems

*face recognition

*deep in the white matter

*regulate attention and cognition

*oval masses of nerve cell bodies

*lateral walls of third ventricle

sensory integration center (except smell)

*regulate body temp

*regulate water balance

*regulate appetite

*sexual responce

*emotions

*midbrain

*auditory reflexes

*functionally linked to basal nuclei

*motor control

*coordinates skeletal muscle activity

*sends information to the cerebrum

*bulge on the brain stem between midbrain and medulla oblongata

*help maintain normal rythem of breathing

*all tracts must pass through

*regulates heart rate

*blood pressure

*tells you when to inhale/exhale

*if injured, you die

*reflex center

*conduction pathway

*discriminative touch (precise touch)

*precise position of body parts