Somatic motor innervates skeletal muscles and it is voluntary

Visceral or Autonomic motor innervates cardiac, smooth muscle, and glands and is involuntary

Sympathetic is fight or flight

Parasympathetic is food and fuck.

Neurons conduct electrical activity and are irritable and excitable

Neuroglial cells tend to be more supportive to the neurons

List the six different neuroglial cells found in the CNS and PNS. Give a brief explanation of each cell type and the role each plays in the CNS and PNS.

  Astrocytes are the most numerous and largest glial cells in the CNS. They help form the blood-brain barrier, regulate tissue fluid composition, strengthen and reinforce the nervous tissue in the CNS, replace damaged neurons, and assist with neuronal development. Ependymal cells and nearby blood capillaries form the choroid plexus, which produces CSF. The ependymal cells have patches of cilia on their apical surfaces that help circulate the CSF. Microglia are small phagocytic cells that wander through the CNS and phagocytize cellular debris from dead nervous tissue, microorganisms, waste products, and other foreign matter. Oligodendrocytes myelinate the axons in the CNS. Satellite cells, located in the PNS, separate peripheral nervous system neuron cell bodies from their surrounding interstitial fluid and regulate the continuous exchange of nutrients and waste products between peripheral neurons and their environment. Neurolemmocytes myelinate the axons in the PNS.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

A reflex are Rapid, Involuntary, and Predictable reactions of muscles or glands to a stimulus. A reflex arc is the neural wiring of a single reflex.

It begins when a stimulus activates a receptor such as temp, or pressure.

Nerve impulse travels through the sensory neuron to the CNS (spinal cord)

Information from nerve impulse is processed by interneurons typically, sometimes the sensory neuron immediately synapses into the motor neuron.

The Motor neuron transmits nerve impulse to the effector

The effector responds to the nerve impulse from the motor neuron.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

Define CSF and explain where it is formed and the route of its circulation. What are the functions of CSF in bathing the brain and spinal cord.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

CSF is a clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space. It bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS and surrounds it to offer buoyancy, protection, and environmental stability by means of providing nutrients and excreting waste products.  CSF is formed in the choroid plexus surrounding the ventricles by ependymal cells and produced by secretion of a fluid that originates from blood plasma. . CSF flows from the lateral ventricles and third ventricle into the cerebral aqueduct (Mesencephalic aqueduct)  and then into the fourth ventricle. Most of the CSF in the fourth ventricle flows into the subarachnoid space by passing through openings in its membranous roof, either the paired lateral apertures or the single median aperture. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain and spinal cord.  As additional CSF is incorporated into the subarachnoid space, the hydrostatic pressure on the CSF within the arachnoid villi forces the CSF into the dural venous sinuses, allowing excess CSF to be released into the venous bloodstream without allowing any venous blood to enter the subarachnoid space.

Permeable to fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, anesthetics and fat soluble molecules.

Impermeable to proteins, water soluble molecules, toxins and large molecular weight drugs.

1. Oh - Some

2. Oh - Say

3. Oh - Marry

4. To - Money

5. Touch - But

6. And - My

7. Feel- Brother

8. A - Says

9. Girls - Big

10. Vagina - Boobs

11. Ahhh - Matter

12. Heaven - More

Oh Optic

Say Sensory

Oculomotor motor

Oh Marry

Trochlear Motor

To Money

Trigeminal Both

Touch But

Abducens Motor

And MY

Facial Both

Feel Brother

Vestibulocochlear Sensory

A Says

glossopharyngeal

Girl's Big

Vagus Both

Vagina Boobs

Accessory Motor

AHHHHHH Matter

Hypoglossal Motor

Heaven, More

Somatic and Visceral (autonomic) divisions

Somatic consists of sensory from skin and skeletal muscles and motor to the organs

Visceral is sensory and motor to all smooth and cardiac muscles as well as glands.

Sympathetic - fight or flight

Parasympathetic - rest and digest

1. They may pass directly through the paravertebral ganglion into a whit eramus communicans and synapse with a postganglionic neuron which then passes into a gray ramus out to the effector organ.

2.  They may synapse at the same level at a higher or lower level from where they leave the cord. They would pass intoa  whit eramus communicans and then up or down the paraverteberal ganglion chain to synapse with a postganglionic neuron. The postganglionin neuron leaves via the gray ramus to  innervate the effector organ.

3. The preganglionic neuron will pass through the paravertebral ganglion chain intoa  whtie ramus communicans and out of the ganglion chain to synapse in a prevertebral ganglion with a postganglioninc neuron.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

List and describe at least 5 different receptor types found in exteroreceptors and or interoreceptors. Give a brief description of the function of each and how they protect the body.

C H A P T E R F I F T E E N

Exteroreceptors are sensitive to changes outside the body, and are found on or near the body surface. Intero-receptors are sensitive to changes in the viscera.  Mechanorecptors detect physical deformation due to pressure, stretch, tension, touch, or vibration (primarily cutaneous tactile receptors) Nociceptors detect tissue damage and function as the primary pain receptors. Chemoreptors detect chemicals and chemical balances in body fluids; respond to odors and tastes and ensure the body is at functional Ph. Thermoreptors detect changes in temperature and ensure the body is maintaining a homeostatic temperature.  Photoreceptors detect changes in light intensity and are necessary for vision.  Barorecptors detect changes in pressure within body structure.

Rods perceive black and white

Cones perceive color

Static - vestibule - saccule and utricule functions to allow a person to maintain balance and equilibrum when head is still or moves forward as in linear acceleration.

Dynamic involves the semicircular canals and ampullae which contains crista and help maintain balance and equilibrium during rotation movements.