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| junction between an axon of one neuron with another neuron or another cell type |
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| the neuron belonging to the axon |
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| the nueron receiving information from the axon |
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| white sheath of fatty material around nerve fibers (axons) |
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| many layers of cell membrane of glial cell wrapped around axon |
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| group of nerve cell bodies (soma) in CNS |
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| group of nerve cell bodies in PNS |
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| bundle of nerve processes in PNS |
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| bundle of nerve processes in PNS |
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| aggregates of neuronal cell bodies |
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2 major types:
neurons-functional signal conducting cells/ neuroglia- supporting cells (glial) |
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| star-shaped, abundant, versatile. involved in the formation of the BBB (blood brain barrier) |
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| specialized immune cells that act as the macrophages of the CNS (wbc) |
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| low columnar epithelias-esque cells that line the ventricles of the brain & the central canal of the spinal cord, some are ciliated which facilitates the movement of cerebrospinal fluid |
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| produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS |
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| a large bundle of nerves connecting spinal cord & brain stem to cerebral hemispheres - consist of descending motor fiber tracts |
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| small bumps on dorsal side of brain - Right & left rostral colliculi is visual reflex - right 7 left caudal colliculi relay nuclei for hearing |
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| of diencephalon: thalamus |
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| relay center for nerve fibers connecting cerebrum to brainstem/cerebellum/ spinal cord |
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| of diencephalon: HYPOTHALAMUS |
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Definition
| ventral to thalamus; ventral part attached to ventral part is hypophysis (pituitary gland) |
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| of diencephalon: third ventricle |
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| it is a median cleft between the two thalami, and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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| deepest of meninges, delicate membrane that forms a sheath around blood vessels. |
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| "spider" web-like filaments |
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| tough fibrous covering of CNS, it fills the role of periosteum in cranium - (outside, tough, connective tissue layer) |
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| specialized junctions for information exchange between neurons OR neuron and another cell. |
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| neuromuscular junction- cholinergic neurons (2 classes) nicotinic & muscarinic receptors |
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| GABA (Gama-aminobutyric acid) |
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| most predominant inhibitory NT in CNS - binding to GABA receptor cause hyperpolarization (inhibition) - ex) sedative, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants |
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| predominant excitatory NT in CNS - Glutamate receptors in high concentration in brains, memory/learning. |
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| resting membrane potential |
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| charge at membrane when there is more + charge on the outside and negative inside. said to have resting potential |
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| 3 Na+ ions responsible for the rapid opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, when they rush in the cell/ membrane |
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| 2K+ ions move from inside to go outside of the cell, opening voltage-gated potassium channels |
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| inhibition of nerve impulses takes place - this results from too many ions moving from one side, no action potential |
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| stretch, proprioception; skeletal muscle |
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| taste, smell, CO2, pH - tastebuds |
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| nervous system receives information about external environment |
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| NS receives info about internal environment |
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| NS receives info about position & movement of body |
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| sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping ex.) free nerve endings and hair receptors |
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| dendrites with a glial cell wrap or connective tissue covering ex.) meissners corpuscles (cell), pacinian corpuscles in skin - all found in skin |
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| muscles between middle and inner ear that dampen vibrations of the ossicles (small bones in ear). this is the pain perceived after a concert with loud music |
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| three middle ear ossicles |
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| 1. malleus 2. incus 3. stapes |
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| looks like a hammer attaches to tympanic membrane and connected to the incus |
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| looks like anvil and connected to the stapes |
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| looks like a stirrup; footplate attaches to oval window of inner ear where it creates ossicilations in the scala vesibuli |
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| fibrous (scelra, cornea), vascular (choroid,ciliary body, iris), nerve (retina) |
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| fibrous (scelra, cornea), vascular (choroid,ciliary body, iris), nerve (retina) |
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| sclera, cornea-allows light to pass easily |
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| choroid, ciliary body -controls the shape of the lens, which focuses light onto retina, iris - controls how much light gets into eye by regulation size of pupil |
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| retina-photoreceptors - rods(black & white), cones(color) |
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| formed of retinal & opsin - helps with black & white - adapts for darkness |
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| reflective layer of inner choroid, eyeshine, colored part of back of eye |
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| hormones produced go through ducts first |
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| secretion of hormones goes straight to surface |
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| hormone is transported via the blood to target organ |
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| hormone is secreted to the exterior of the body where it interacts with a target organ (not exterior of body, exterior of organ) |
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| hormones secreted into the space in between cells and teh interstitial fluid carries them to the target organ - no use of junctions |
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| hormone produced by the cell, regulates the activity of the cell that produced it (like ductless) |
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| hormones diffuse through syaptic clefts similar to neurotransmitters |
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| hormone passes through gap junctions cells and alters the function of adjacent cells |
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| (type of hormone) chain of AA |
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| (type of hormone) modified AA - more simple |
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| cholesterol (type of hormone) must be synthesized, not stored & only made when needed |
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| when # of cell receptors increased on cell surface |
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| an invagination is formed around receptor & is internalized. receptor is being carried in vesicle b/c it has been pinched off |
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| -receptors found in cell membrane - response is rapid and quickly reversed as well - cellular components that bring about desired effects of hormone after binding of hormone to receptor |
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| receptors are found in cytoplasm/nucleus - biological responses develop slowly but last longer than peptide hormones - hormone binding triggers transcription of DNA which leads to mRNA for specific proteins to be produced - increase in protein production brings about desired effect of hormone |
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| pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands |
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Definition
| organs whose only function is to produce hormones |
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| organs that produce hormones & carry out other functions |
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| T4 - thyroid hormone- more than T3- increases BMR and receptor found in almost all tissues |
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| T3- thyroid hormone- less than T4 - increases BMR - almost all tissues have receptors |
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| peptide hormone which helps control Ca+. acts to decrease blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts |
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| secrete pth - increases blood Ca and lower blood P - stimulates release of Ca and P from bone. |
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| lowers blood glucose levels by decreasing permeability |
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| raises blood glucose by the breakdown of glucagon |
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