Term
| what does the nervous system enable our body to do/ |
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Definition
| react to continuous changes in our internal and external environments |
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Term
| what do neurons in the autonomic nervous system do? |
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Definition
| innervate involuntary muscle and glands |
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Term
| into what 2 systems/divisions is the autonomic nervous system divided? |
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Definition
| sympathetic, parasympathetc |
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Term
| the conduction of impulses from the CNS to involuntary muscles and glands involves how many neurons? |
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Definition
| 2: preganglionic (presynaptic) and postganglionic (postsynaptic) |
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Term
| what is another name for autonomic neurons? |
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Definition
| visceral motor nerves, general visceral efferent (GVE) |
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Term
| where do sympathetic preganglionic nerves originate? |
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Definition
| gray matter of spinal cord segments T1-L2 |
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Term
| where do parasympathetic preganglionic nerves originate? |
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Definition
| in the brainstem and in the gray matter of spinal cord segments S2-S4 |
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Term
| what is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous sytem? |
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Definition
| the (catabolic) energy expending system that enables our body to deal with stress: flight or fight, dilates pupils, increases cardiac output, innervates smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels, innervates sweat glands, activates arrector pili muscles |
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Term
| where are sympathetic nerves found? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
| the anabolic (energy saving) system that promotes quiet and orderly processes of the body such as feeding, rest, and digestion |
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Term
| what does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do? |
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Definition
| decrease heart rate, constrict pupils, increase GI motility |
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Term
| where are parasympathetic nerves NOT found |
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Definition
| they are not in the skin or limbs |
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Term
| where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located? |
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Definition
| in the lateral horns of the spinal cord gray matter between T1 and L2 |
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Term
| what is the name of the "columns" in which the preganglionic sympathetic cell bodies are found? |
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Definition
| intermediolateral cell columns |
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Term
| where are the cell bodies of the postganglionic sympathetic neurons located? |
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Definition
| either in paravertebral ganglia (chains that run along side of vertebral column) or in prevertebral ganglia (ganglia anterior to vertebral column along aorta in abdomen) |
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Term
| what are the sympathetic chains? |
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Definition
| 2 parallel nerve cords extending on each side of the vertebral column |
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Term
| the sympathetic chain goes from what to what? |
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Definition
| superior cervical ganglion at the base of the skull to the ganglion impar where the 2 chains/trunks unite near the coccyx |
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Term
| what are the bundles in the sympathetic chain/trunks? |
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Definition
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Term
| how are the sympathetic chain/trunks connected to adjacent spinal nerves? |
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Definition
| rami communicante connect them to ventral rami |
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Term
| where do the preganglionic symathetic neuron cell bodies originate? |
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Definition
| lateral horn of the spinal cord between T1 and L2 spinal segments |
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Term
| through which root do the sympathetic neurons exit the spinal cord and why? |
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Definition
| they are motor neurons so they exit the spinal cord through the ventral root to get to the spinal nerve |
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Term
| where do the preganglionic sympathetic neurons go after they leave the spinal cord, ventral root, and spinal nerve? |
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Definition
| they enter the spinal chain via the white rami communicante |
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Term
| what are the 3 possible next steps for a preganglionic sympathetic neuron after entering the sympathetic chain? |
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Definition
| 1. synapse immediately with a postganglionic neuron at the same level, which can then exit the chain; 2. ascend or descend the sympathetic chain to synapse with a postganglionic neuron at a higher or lower level which can then exit the chain; 3. pass through the chain without synapsing and continue to a prevertebral ganglion to synapse with a postganglionic neuron |
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Term
| through what do postganglionic neurons exit the sympathetic chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| trace the path of a sympathetic impulse from the T8 spinal cord level to a blood vessel on the anterior body wall |
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Definition
| 1. general visceral motor neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, 2. axons exit the spinal cord via the ventral root, 3. goes through white rami communicante to enter sympathetic chain, 4. synapses with postganglionic neuron, 5. postganglionic neuron exits sympathetic chain via gray rami communicante, 6. travels along t8 ventral rami to innervate smooth muscle surrounding blood vessel (could also innervate arrector pili or sweat gland) |
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Term
| trace the path of a sympathetic impulse from the T8 spinal cord level to a blood vessel or sweat gland on the posterior body wall |
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Definition
| 1. general visceral motor neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord, 2. axons exit the spinal cord though the ventral root, 3. enters the sympathetic chain via the white rami communicante, 4. synapses with postganglionic neuron, 5. exits sympathetic chain via gray rami communicans, 6. goes to back via dorsal rami |
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Term
| what type of neuron conveys message back to CNS that general visceral efferent has worked? |
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Definition
| general visceral afferent (GVA) = visceral sensory |
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Term
| how do sympathetics get to spinal nerves above T1 or below L2? |
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Definition
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Term
| trace the path of a sympathetic impulse from T1 to travel in a C5 ventral ramus to innervate a structure |
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Definition
| 1. general visceral motor impulse originates in lateral horn of T1 spinal cord, 2. leaves spinal cord through ventral root, 3. enters sympathetic chain via white rami communicans, travels up sympathetic chain to synapse with c5 spinal segment postganglionic neuron, 4. exits sympathetic chan at c5 spinal level through gray rami communicans, 5. goes to structure via c5 ventral rami, 6. general visceral afferent neuron sends impulse back to cns to report |
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Term
| trace the path of a sympathetic impulse to travel to S1 ventral rami to innervate a structure |
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Definition
| 1. GVE neuron cell bodies originate in T1-L2 lateral horns, 2. impulse leaves spinal cord through ventral root, 3. enters sympathetic chain via white rami communicans, 4. descends to S1 level, 5. synapses with postganglionic neuron, 6. exits sympathetic chain via gray rami communicans, 7. travels to structure via s1 ventral ramus |
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Term
| what is a visceral sensory/GVA neuron? |
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Definition
| afferent nerve from blood vessels or glands that floows the visceral motor nerve back to the CNS in a one neuron system (does not enter sympathetic chain to synapse with another neuron) |
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Term
| what are the 4 types of nerves that spinal nerves can contain? |
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Definition
| general somatic efferent (somatic motor), general somatic afferent (general sensory), general visceral efferent (visceral motor), general visceral afferent (visceral sensory) |
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