2 major divisions of the nervous system and what comprises them

CNS = brain + spinal cord

PNS = cranial nerves + spinal nerves

What is the autonomic nervous system?

The visceral motor division, which innervates glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

How is the autonomic nervous system subdivided?

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Describe the general functions of the nervous system

1. sensory

2. integrative

3. motor

What are the supporting cells for the CNS and PNS?

CNS: neuroglia

PNS: 1. Schwann

2. capsule (satellite)

How are the cell bodies and cell processes in each of the 2 major divisions of the nervous system aggregated?

CNS: -cell bodies are in gray matter

-processes are in white matter

PNS: -cell bodies are in ganglia

-processes are in nerves

Define terms describing the morphology of a typical neuron.

1. cell body (organelles, nucleus)

2. nucles (active dsipersed chromatin)

3. Nissl substance (lots of mitochondria, active protein synthesis here)

4. axon hillock (funnel for cytoskeleton)

5. nerve fibers (axons)

6. golgi apparatus (produce synaptic vesicles)

7. cytoskeletal elements (structural)

Match type of neuron morphology with function in nervous system

1. bipolar -> special senses, sensory

2. multipolar -> motor

What is myelin?

the phospholipid-protein cell membrane of myelinating cells

Which cells form myelin in the CNS and PNS?

CNS: oligodendrocytes

PNS: Schwann cells

How do the 2 myelinating cells differ in their ability to myelinate?

Schwann cells: one part of one axon

oligodendrocytes: one or more parts of multiple axons

Describe how CT separates nerve into various divisions

1. endoneurium - surrounds each nerve fiber

2. perineurium - wraps groups of fibers into bundles/fasicles

3. epineurium - wraps the entire nerve

Define the support cells of the PNS

1. Schwann cells: support nerve processes

2. Satellite cells (capsule cells): support cell bodies in ganglia

Name the 4 types of supporting cells (neuroglial cells) in the CNS and the major function of each one.

1. astrocytes

2. oligodendrocytes

3. microglia

4. ependymal cells

List in order from superficial to deep the 3 meninges (wrappings) of the CNS

1. dura mater

2. arachnoid mater

3. pia mater

Follow the path of the flow of CSF from formation to venous circulation

choroid plexus in ventricles => 3rd ventricle => 4th ventricle => subarachnoid space => arachnoid granulations => superior sagittal sinus

What structures produce CSF and where are they located?

the choroid plexus

-located in all 4 ventricles, primarily in the 2 lateral ventricles

What is the importance of CSF?

1. cushioning brain and spinal cord to prevent injury

2. pathway for wastes

3. diffusion medium for nutrients, drugs

Name and label the major dural folds

(see diagram)

1. falx cerebri

2. tentorium cerebelli

3. falx cerebelli

4. diaphragma sellae

Name and label the venous sinuses

(see diagram)

1. superior sagittal sinus

2. inferior sagittal sinus

3. straight sinus

4. cavernous sinuses

5. confluens of the sinuses

6. transverse sinuses

7. sigmoid sinuses

How is each dural sinus formed?

split apart periosteal and meningeal dural layers

How is each dural fold formed?

Meningeal layers of dura separated from periosteal layer and invaginate the brain as a double layered structure