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| How neurons communicate with one another; AKA nerve impulses |
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| depend on 2 features of the plasma membrane- the existence of a resting membrane potential and the presence of specific types of ion channels |
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| living body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside (cytoplasm) more negative than the outside (interstitial fluid) |
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| the difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a cell is this |
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| Resting Membrane Potentials |
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| the electrical charge is the same inside and outside the cell; AKA RMP |
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| found inside the cell in the cytoplasm; potassium and proteins |
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| found outside the cell in the interstitial fluid; sodium and chloride |
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| directly regulates levels of ions to maintain the resting membrane potential' brings K in, takes Na out |
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| allow specific ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane which will change the membrane potential |
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| sequence of rapidly occurring events when a stimulus occurs that decrease and reverse the membrane potential |
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| an action potential can only occur if the stimulus is strong enough- there is no such thing as a partial action potential |
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| occurs when the voltage gated Na an K channels open and Na rushes in; roughly +30mV |
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| makes the the cytoplasm more positive, causing an action potential; K then flows out and halts this |
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Definition
| when the membrane returns to a resting state; roughly -70mV |
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| Conduction of Nerve Impulses |
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Definition
| information communicated from one part of the body to another transmitted to the CNS; operates by positive feedback |
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| the neuron sending the signal |
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| the neuron receiving the message |
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| variety of molecules within axon terminals that are released into the synaptic cleft in response to a nerve impulse, and change the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron |
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| acetylcholine, dopamine, seotonin, endorphins |
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| the shortest route that can be taken by an impulse from a receptor to an effector |
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| fast and involuntary sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus |
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| represent the body's principal mechanism for responding to certain changes in the internal and external environments |
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| 31 pairs; named and numbered according to the region and level from which they emerge |
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| 5 pairs emerging from the lower spinal cord |
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| attached to the spinal cord by means of a posterior and anterior root; exit the vertebral column via the intervertebral foramen |
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| are all mixed- they carry both sensory and motor information |
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| enters the spinal cord via the posterior root |
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| leave the spinal cord via the anterior root |
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| supplies the skin and muscles of the posterior head, neck and upper part of the shoulders, connects with some of the cranial nerves and supplies the diaphragm |
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| supplies the upper extremities and several neck and shoulder muscles |
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| supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower extremities |
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| supplies the buttocks, perineum and lower extremities |
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| nerves T2-11 do not form plexuses- they are distributed directly to the structures they supply in the intercostal spaces |
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| 12 pairs; named primarily by distribution and numbered by order of attachment by roman numerals |
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| 3 of them are sensory only, the rest are mixed |
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| I- olfactory, II- optic, VIII- vestibulocochlear |
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| only cranial nerve that extends beyond the head and face into the thorax and abdominpelvic region |
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| roman numeral X; supplies the heart, smooth muscle in structures of the thorax, organs and glands of the GI tract |
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| 2 types- somatic and visceral |
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| tactile sensations- touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle/ thermal sensations- warm and cold; AKA body senses |
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| pain sensations- dull, sharp and referred/ proprioceptive sensations- joint and muscle positions and movement of the limbs and head |
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| provides information about the internal organs; AKA organ senses |
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| 5 of them: smell- olfactory/ taste- gustation/ vision- optic/ hearing- auditory/ balance- static and dynamic equilibrium |
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