adenoma

benign neoplasm

origin: glandular epithelium

Papilloma

benign neoplasm

finger-like architecture growing into surface epithelia

Carcinoma

malignant neoplasm

origin: epithelia

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant 

origin: stratified squamous epithelia

example from: skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina

squamous metaplasia from bronchi

squamocolumnar junction of uterine cervix

marked by production of keratin

transitional cell carcinoma

malignant

from transitional cell epithelium of urinary tract

adenocarcinoma

malignant

origin: glandular epithelia of

GI mucosa, endothelium, pancreas

most common type of cancer

associated with desmoplasia:

tumor induced proliferation of non-neoplastic fibrous connective tissue

bone

benign/malignant

osteoma/osteosarcoma

skeletal muscle

benign/malignant

rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

smooth mucle

benign/malignant

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

blood vessels

benign/malignant

angioma/angiosarcoma

cartilage

benign/malignant

chondroma/chondrosarcoma

Fatty tissue

benign/malignant

lipoma/liposarcoma

neoplasm of

melanocytes

benign/malignant

benign: nevus

malignant: melanoma

neoplasm of

neural tissue,brain,meninges

benign/malignant

benign: meningima grade I, glioma grade I, Schwannoma, neurofibroma

malignant: meningioma grade IV, glioma grade IV (glioblastoma), medulloblastoma, neurofibrosarcoma

neoplasm of germ cells

(epithelium of testes & ovaries)

benign/malignant

benign: Leydig cell adenoma, mature teratoma, dermoid tumor

malignant: seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, immature teratoma

teratoma

neoplasm derived from all three germ cell layers

may contain structures

such as skin, bone, cartilage, teeth, and intestinal epithelium

malignant usually in testis

benign usually in ovaries

Lymphoma

malignant tumor in lymphoid tissues

Leukemia

malignant proliferation in hematopoeitic cells

neoplasm in salivary gland

benign/malignant

benign: pleomorphic adenoma

(mixed tumor contains both epithelial and mesenchymal

components)

malignant: mucoepidermoid carcinoma

mass

a space-occupying process

it may be due to a neoplasm or to a non-neoplastic

process

An abscess or a hematoma may cause a mass

tumor

a neoplasm or an uncontrolled growth

cancer

malignant neoplasm

Hamartoma

not a neoplasm

malformation or a growth made up of an abnormal

mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs

e.g. Hamartoma of the lung containing cartilage, bronchi and blood vessels in an abnormal arrangement

Choristoma

not a neoplasm

congenital anomaly presenting as a mass formed by

normal tissue in an abnormal location (heterotopic tissue)

e.g. Heterotopic pancreatic tissue in

the duodenal submucosa or gastric wall

Cyst

benign/malignant

tumor containing a lumen filled with fluid

The lumen is lined by an epithelium

benign: Cystadenoma lined by a glandular epithelium

malignant: Cystadenocarcinoma lined by a malignant epithelium

Benign cysts are much more frequent than malignant cyst therefore the term cyst usually implies benign cyst

pseudocyst

mass including a fluid-filled lumen

NOT lined by an epithelium

pseudotumor

space-occupying lesion mimicking clinically a tumor

carcinoid tumors

tumors of the diffuse endocrine system

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

granulosa cell tumors

sex-cord tumors of the ovaries

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

Usually these tumors follow a benign course but in some people they may show malignant behavior

Several criteria such as size and number of mitosis are used to determine their behavior but without absolute reliability

neoplasia

uncontrolled disorderly proliferation of cells

can be benign or malignant

a tumor or a growth at the expense of function and vitality of normal tissue without benefit to the host

largely independent of host control mechanisms

monoclonality

denotes origin from a single precursor cell

Most neoplasms are monoclonal

polyclonal proliferations are almost always nonneoplastic

Dysplasia

precursor of malignancy usually seen in epithelia

morphologic manifestations include disorderly maturation and spatial arrangement of cells

marked variability in nuclear size and shape (pleomorphism)

increased often abnormal mitosis

e.g. dysplasia occurring in squamous epithelium of the cervix

Dysplasia affecting the full thickness of epithelium is termed carcinoma in situ

Dysplasia may be reversible

Genetic alterations

 Neoplams usually display genetic and/or chromosomal abnormalities

Some neoplasms carry specific mutations or chromosomal abnormalities

anaplastic

• very poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor cells
• show 
• pleomorphism (different sizes and shapes of cells)
• hyperchromatism (dark-staining nuclei)
• increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
• abnormal mitoses
• cellular dyspolarity
• often prominent nucleoli