Term
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Definition
Attach to receptor proteins → Affect G proteins → Turn on enzymes (proteins) → Enzymes make second messengers → second messengers go inside cell and make it divide |
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Term
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Definition
•Normal genes that code for normal proteins used in cell division •Turn on or increase the rate of cell division •Dominant
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
•Make sure the cell has made the proteins needed to seperate the chromosomes •Check that the DNA has been correctly duplicated |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure whether the cell has grown large enough to divide |
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Term
| Tumor suppressor proteins/genes |
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Definition
•Proteins that control the checkpoints -Cyclins -Cyclin dependent kinases -Cyclin inhibitors •Normally turn off or decrease the rate of cell division •Recessive •Gatekeepers •Caretakers |
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Term
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Definition
1. Initiation: intial mutation occurs 2. Promotion: mutated cells are stimulated to divide 3. Progression: tumor cells compete with 1 another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive
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Term
| Benign vs. Malignant tumors |
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Definition
•Benign = when differentiated "working" cells mutate and form differentiated "working" tumors •Malignant = when undifferentiated, rapidly diving cells mutate and form rapidly dividing tumors
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Term
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Definition
Tissue name + "-oma" (true for both mesenchymal and epithelial tumors) |
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Term
| Malignant tumors (cancers) |
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Definition
•Epithelial tissue = tissue name + "carinoma" •Mesenchymal tissue = tissue name + "sarcoma"
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Term
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Definition
Tumors composed of embryonic cells originating from embryonic primordia -Retinoblastoma = eye -Neuroblastoma = adrenal medulla or immature neural cells
-Hepatoblastoma = liver
-Nephroblastoma = kidney
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Term
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Definition
Derived from germ cells and contain tissues that are formed from all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) |
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Definition
Carry the name of the physicians who described them first -Hodgkin's Disease -Ewing's sarcoma
-Kaposi's sarcoma
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Term
| Tumor staging and grading |
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Definition
Staging: based on clinical assessment during gross examination, surgery, x-rays, etc. Grading: based on histological examination
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Term
| Cancer cells contain fewer/less: |
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Definition
Mitochondria RER Specialized enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Aromatic amines Nitrosames (tobacco) Steroids Metals Inorganic compounds |
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Definition
UV light X-rays Radioactive isotopes Atomic bomb |
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Term
| Natural biologic carcinogens |
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Definition
Aflatoxin Schistosoma haematobium Opisthorchis sinesis Human viral carcinogens |
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Term
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Definition
DNA Viruses: HPV EBV HBV RNA Viruses: HTLV-1 |
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Term
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Definition
•Cancer cells produce hormones or hormone like proteins (ADH, ACTH, PTH-related protein) and proteins that affect clotting •Paraneoplastic neurological d/o's
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Term
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Definition
•Regulate cell growth and passage through cell cycle •Mediate apoptosis •Loss-of-function mutations lead to uncontrolled cell accumulation
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Term
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Definition
•Maintain integrity of genome •Loss of function permits mutations to accumulate in oncogenes and gatekeeper genes (which leads to CA) |
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