Term
| Which cells line the pleura, pericardium and peritoneum. What do you call a malignant neoplasm derived from these cells? |
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Definition
| Mesothelium and "Mesothelioma" |
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Term
| Which tissue supports the epithelium and organizes it? What do you call a malignant neoplasm derived from these cells? |
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Definition
| Mesenchyme and "Sarcoma". Can be "osteo," "chondro," or "angio." |
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Term
| What is the difference between a "Myeloma" and a "Lymphoma"? |
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Definition
Tissue derivation!
"Myeloma" is from plasma cells and "Lymphoma" is from lymphocytes. |
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Term
| What is the epithelial structure of the different GI regions? |
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Definition
Esophagus- stratified squamous
Small Intestine- Villi with mucus-producing goblet cells.
Colon- Flat mucosa (no villi) with goblet cells. |
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Term
| What are the 2 components of Neoplasms? |
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Definition
1) Parenchyma- actual proliferating neoplastic cells that can be either well or poorly "differentiated" with respect to original tissue.
2) Stroma- intervening connective tissue, vessels. It is NOT neoplastic, but merely responding to neoplasm. |
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Term
| If a neoplasm is very poorly differentiated, what can a pathologist do to make a diagnosis easier? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
Malignant tumors are very well differentiated Neoplasms. |
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Definition
False!
They are often poorly differentiated and have the ability to spread aggressively. |
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Term
True or False
Pleomorphic groups of cells are more likely to represent malignant populations than "monomorphic" populations. |
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Definition
True!
The more heterogenous the population, the more worried a pathologist is likely to be |
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Term
| Explain the defining features of "Metaplasia" |
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Definition
- Often in response to injury
-Division/proliferation AND a change in gene expression
- Example is "Barrett's esophagus" where gastric acid reflux-induced injury to esophagus (GERD), normal squamous-cell lining is replaced by glandular cells that look like small intestine cells!
- Other examples include "squamous metaplasia" in smoker's lungs. Such conditions can predispose patients to Neoplasia! |
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Term
| What are some morphological hallmarks of "Dysplasia" under the microscope? |
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Definition
1) Nuclear Hyperchromasia (more activity)
2) Increased Nucleus size
3) "Clumpy" chromatin patterning
4) Cellular pleomorphism (Anisocytosis= size and Poikilocytosis= shape)
5) Increased division (visible mitotic figures or apoptotic indicators)
6) Loss of polarity |
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Term
| Distinguish between Anaplasia and Desmoplasia |
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Definition
1) Anaplasia- "backwards growth," characterized by poorly differentiated, bizarre cellular appearance. Often found in malignant neoplasms.
2) Desmoplasia- reactive stroma that surrounds invading edge of tumor (hard, white "scirrhous" tissue under microscope). Can be seen in response to pre-invasive tumors. |
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Term
| Distinguish between "Pedunculated" and "Sessile" Polyps. |
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Definition
1) "Pedunculated" is when polyp stands on stalk like muscroom
2) "Sessile" is when polyp is raised above mucosa on broad base (like patch of moss on rock). |
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Term
| What does the root "adeno" tell you about the nature of a tumor mass? |
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Definition
That it is derived from glandular tissue.
Ex) Colonic adenocarcinoma (epithelial malignant from "carci". Would be "sarc" if mesenchyme-derived) |
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Term
A tumor is less differentiated with anaplasia. Do you suspect it is malignant or benign?
What about it it exhibits rapid mitoses? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are mature or immature Teratomas more dangerous? |
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Definition
Immature.
NOTE- "dermoid cyst" is mature cystic teratoma of ovary. |
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Term
| Distinguish between Hamartomas and Choristomas. |
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Definition
1) Hamartomas are benign, disorganized cells that are a normal part of the location where the tumor arises (Brunner gland hamartoma found in submucosa of duodenum)
2) Choristomas are congenital abnormalities (present at birth) that are found where they SHOULD NOT BE. Example is ectopic gastric mucosal tumors that are found in the duodenum.
This is DIFFERENT from metaplasia, because it did not travel to the location or develop there, it was ALWAYS present. |
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Term
| What is common to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and anal intraepithelial neoplasia? |
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Definition
They are both abnormal neoplasias that have NOT BEGUN TO SPREAD.
These are also called "Carcinoma-in-situ" |
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Term
True or False
Tumors are always due to Neoplasms |
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Definition
False!
Some are and some are not! Neoplasms have to be autonomous, irreversible, clonal benign or malignant cell proliferations caused by uncontrolled division. |
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