Term
1) lateral flexion (clavicular plane)
2) Flexion/Extension (occlusal plane)
3) Rotation (sagittal plane) |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 motions of the head and neck? what planes do these motions occur in? |
|
|
Term
| this motion is not a real thing, lateral flexion however, would be tilting your head to the side. |
|
Definition
| describe lateral extension of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is tucking your chin flexion or extension? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the normal curvature of the spine? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many cervical vertebrae are there in mammals(humans)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| just below the mandible and anterior to the spinal column is a u shaped bone, name it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the main function of this bone is to suspend the cartilage of the larynx and trachea beneath it |
|
|
Term
1) small bodies(don't support much weight)
2) articular facets are designed for a lot of mobility
3) bifid spinous process (for ligament)
4) foramina in transverse processes |
|
Definition
| describe the 4 special features of cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| atlantoocciptal joint (AO joint) |
|
Definition
| name the joint where the atlas articulates with the skull |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does C1 have a body? a spinous process? foramina in it's transverse processes? |
|
|
Term
instead of a body, an anterior arch
instead of a spinous process, a posterior arch |
|
Definition
| what does the atlas have in place of a body or spinous process? |
|
|
Term
c2: Axis
c1: Atlas (remember atlas holds up the world, which is round like your skull) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does the axis have a body? a spinous process? foramina in its transverse processes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what special structure projects off C2 that might have been C1's body? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the ligament that straps the dens to the anterior arch of C1 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the skull's kidney shaped articulations with C1 are called what? |
|
|
Term
atlantooccipital joints (there are 2 one on each side)
yes = pure flexion and extension |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| through someone's open mouth, because they are in the back of the pharynx with no bone (except teeth) in the way) |
|
Definition
| how can you get a radiograph of C1 & C2? |
|
|
Term
atlantoaxial joints
no = rotation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
3 articular surfaces
1 & 2) the normal superiorr facet of the axis to the facet of the atlas
3) the dens to the anterior arch of C1
the joints are practically horizontal to allow rotational movement |
|
Definition
| how many articular surfaces are there in the AA joint? describe them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
crosses C1, doesn't touch it, but holds skull, C1, C2 together. connects the dens to the medial occipital condyle
thick as a pencil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transverse ligament is part of another ligament, name it |
|
|
Term
| upper band of the cruciate ligament |
|
Definition
| this attaches the dens to the front margin of the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| lower band of the cruciate ligament |
|
Definition
| connects the dens to a lower part of C2 (the body) |
|
|
Term
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
|
Definition
| this ligament starts on the occipital bone, goes through the foramen magnum, and lies on the posterior side of the vertebral bodies, connecting them together, and faces into the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the posterior longitudinal ligament superior to the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this fibrous structure lies around the AO joints, and is really strong to keep the joints together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these arteries pass on the lateral sides of the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this ligament goes from C1 to the skull, around the foramen magnum and both arches of the atlas to enclose the vertebral canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this ligament goes all the way around the vertebral canal and holds the atlas and axis together |
|
|
Term
| anterior longitudinal ligament |
|
Definition
| this holds the vertebral bodies together anteriorly and runs the whole length of the spine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the hole in the AO membrane for? |
|
|
Term
1) anterior longitudinal ligament
2) AO membrane
3) upper band of the cruciate ligament
4) posterior longitudinal ligament
5) dura |
|
Definition
| if you were to stick a needle above the anterior arch of the atlas and below the foramen magnum, name the ligaments/layers you would hit until you hit dura. |
|
|
Term
| atlantoaxial subluxation, causing the atlas to move excessively possibly damaging the spinal cord/brainstem via compression ->paralysis or death |
|
Definition
| what happens if the transverse ligament of the atlas is ruptured, or the dens is avulsed? |
|
|
Term
excess mobility turning the head to the OPPOSITE SIDE of the ruptured ligament (up to 30 degrees beyond normal)
not as dangerous as the transverse ligament rupture
ex: if the right side ligament is ruptured, the head can move too far left |
|
Definition
| what happens if there is a rupture of the alar ligament? |
|
|
Term
| down's syndrome (trisomy 21) is associated with increased laxity of the craniovertebral ligament |
|
Definition
| why can't down's syndome patients play contact sports? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what ligament only exists in the neck that attaches spinous processes of cervical vertebrae together? |
|
|
Term
| infraspinous ligaments (there is one between each vertebra) |
|
Definition
| name the ligaments that connect spinous processes together below the cervical spine |
|
|
Term
| supraspinous ligament (just one long ligament) |
|
Definition
| below the cervical spine, just under the skin this continuous ligament connects spinous process to spinous processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized ligament in the neck for attachment of neck muscles, fills the lordosis curvature of the cervical spine out to the skin |
|
|
Term
superiorly: external occipital protuberence on the superior nuchal line(posterior to foramen magnum)
inferiorly: C7 spinous process |
|
Definition
| where does the nuchal ligament attach at its beginning and end? |
|
|
Term
| trapezius - CN XI, Accessory N. + some random C2-C3 possibly for proprioception |
|
Definition
| most superficial posterior neck muscle, name it and give it's innervation |
|
|
Term
primarily, moves the pectoral girdle (RED), in neck is primarily and extensor
bilaterally: extends head and neck
unilaterally: flexes neck toward active side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| splenius capitus & splenius cervicis |
|
Definition
| these 2 muscles lie just deep to trapezius and have perpendicularly oriented fibers |
|
|
Term
| epaxial - intrinsic back muscles, innervated by dorsal rami of spinal nerves |
|
Definition
| are splenius muscles epaxial or hypaxial? what does this mean about their innervation? |
|
|
Term
o: cervical spinous processes and upper thoracic spines
i: capitus -skull,
cervicis -cervical transverse processes |
|
Definition
| name the origin/insertion of the splenius muscles |
|
|
Term
capitis does head and neck
cervicis is neck only |
|
Definition
| how do the actions of the splenius muscle differ? |
|
|
Term
bilateral: extension of neck(and head)
unilateral: lateral flexion to SAME side of muscle activity
rotation toward side of muscle activity |
|
Definition
| what are the actions of the splenius muscles |
|
|
Term
1) erector spinae
2) transversus spinalis |
|
Definition
| name the intrinsic back muscle groups |
|
|
Term
| transversus spinalis (intrinsic/epaxial) |
|
Definition
| what group of back muscles does semispinalis belong to? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most powerful/important head & neck extensor |
|
|
Term
| longissimus, and iliocostalis |
|
Definition
which of the following muscle are part of the erector spinae group:
longissimus capitis, iliocostalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most lateral of the erector spinae muscle group, inserts on transverse processes of cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
bi: extensors o fhead and neck
uni: flex toward the active side |
|
Definition
| what do semispinalis, longissimus capitis, and iliocostalis do when active bilaterally? unilaterally? |
|
|
Term
| no, longissimus and semispinalis do though |
|
Definition
| does iliocostalis cervicis insert on the skull? |
|
|
Term
capitis-attaches to head, extensor
cervicis- landmark muscle
thoracis- not important |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 groups of semispinalis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what muscle lies deep to the splenius muscles? |
|
|
Term
1) trapezius
2) splenius
3) semispinalis
4) rectus posterior major/minor & oblique capitis superior/posterior |
|
Definition
| list the posterior neck muscles from superficial to deep |
|
|
Term
intrinsic back muscles(epaxial): dorsal rami
1) obliquus capitis superior
2) obliquus capitis inferior
3) rectus posterior major
4) rectus posterior minor |
|
Definition
| list the suboccipital muscles from most lateral to most medial, what is their innervation? |
|
|
Term
they are small and weak, but do fine, controlled movement (mostly extension) of the AA and AO joints
-the oblique kind of turn/flex the head to side of muscle activity |
|
Definition
| what are the motions of the suboccipital muscles? |
|
|
Term
major: C2 spinous process to occipital bone
minor: (deeper and more medial) posterior arch of C1 to occipital bone |
|
Definition
| give the origin and insertion of rectus posterior major and rectus posterior minor |
|
|
Term
superior: transverse process of C1 straight up to occipital bone
inferior: spine of C2, to transverse process of C1 (DOESN'T attach to the skull) |
|
Definition
| give the origin and insertion of obliquus captitis superior and inferior |
|
|
Term
it is made by the suboccipital muscles
superiorly/medially: rectus posterior major
inferiorly: obliquus capitis inferior
laterally: obliquus captis superior |
|
Definition
| describe the borders of the suboccipital triangle |
|
|
Term
c1: suboccipital
c2: greater occipital n
c3: third occipital nerve |
|
Definition
| name the dorsal rami of C1, C2, and C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this nerve comes out right beneath the occipital bone ABOVE the posterior arch of the atlas and wraps around the vertebral arteries |
|
|
Term
C1- motor only to suboccipital muscles
C2- purely sensory between C1 and C2 |
|
Definition
| what kinds of innervation is provided by the dorsal rami of C1 and C2? |
|
|
Term
| the suboccipital nerve (as it goes horisontal along the C1 posterior arch) and the vertebral artery |
|
Definition
| what is found in the suboccipital triangle? |
|
|
Term
beneath obliquus capitis inferior, over the posterior arch of C2
-the greater occipital n is C2 dorsal rami |
|
Definition
| where does the greater occipital nerve emerge? |
|
|
Term
| used to find the suboccipital triangle |
|
Definition
| seminspinalis cervicis ends at the C2 spine, what is this used for? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the purpose of the communication between C1 and C2? |
|
|
Term
1) longus capitis
2) scalenus anterior/medius/posterior
3) rectus capitis anterior
4) rectis capitis lateralis
5) longus colli |
|
Definition
| name the pre-vertebral muscles (they only really come in 1 layer) |
|
|
Term
| ventral rami of cervical spinal nerves (no names) |
|
Definition
| what rami innervates the pre-vertebral muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| originates at trasnverse processeS of cervical verterbrae and inserts on the occipital bone anterior to the spinal canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the main action of the prevertebral muscles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this 3 part muscle lies just deep to longus capitis |
|
|
Term
superior: trasnverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae to vertebral bodies above
middle: lower vertebral bodies to upper vertebral bodies
inferior: vertebral bodies of lower cervical vertebrae to transverse processes above |
|
Definition
| describe the origins and insertions of the 3 groups of longus colli fibers |
|
|
Term
rectus capitis anterior (more medial and superior)
rectus capitis lateralis (inferior and lateral) |
|
Definition
| name the anterior equivilents of the suboccipital muscles, that are innervated by ventral rami (instead of dorsal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles that can help with respiration in the anterior neck |
|
|
Term
originate on transverse processes
insert on ribes 1 & 2
anterior = most anterior
triangle (brachial plexus + brachial artery)
medius: rib 1 insertion
posterior rib 2 insertion |
|
Definition
| name the origins and insertions of the scalene muscles |
|
|
Term
| the prhenic nerve runs on the surface os scalenius anterior |
|
Definition
| what is scalenius anterior a landmark for? |
|
|
Term
it has 2 heads, 1 on the manubrium of the sternum(sterno), 1 on the clavicular head (cleido)
inserts behind the ear on the mastoid process |
|
Definition
| where does the sternocliedomastoid originate? insert? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most poserful neck flexor when active bilaterally |
|
|
Term
| since it pulls on the back of the skull, it turns the head to the OPPOSITE side of muscle activity |
|
Definition
| what does sternocleidomastoid do when active unilaterally? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| if you are riding your bike and keeping your neck down(flexed) but tilting your head up (extending it) what muscle allows this? |
|
|
Term
this is like tilting your head and turning your chin up a little
this is sternocleidomastoid |
|
Definition
| if you flex your neck, extend your head, and turn your head to opposite side of muscle activity, what movement do you make? what muscle does this? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what divides the anterior and posterior triangles? |
|
|
Term
dran a line from the jugular notch of the manubrium to the chin, to the mastoid process, back to the notch
the upper boder is the jaw, the lateral border is the anterior border of SCM, and the anterior/medial border is the midline/imaginary |
|
Definition
| describe the borders/corners of the anterior triangle of the neck |
|
|
Term
superior/medial border: SCM
posterior/lateral border: trapezius
inferior: part of the clavicle with no muscle attachment |
|
Definition
| describe the boders/corners of the posterior triangle of the neck |
|
|
Term
1)accessory N, CN XI
muscles forming the floor(superior to inferior):
2) semispinalis capitis
3) splenius capitis
4) levator scapulae
5) scalenes
6) omohyoid (crosses superficial to scalenes) |
|
Definition
| what is found in the posterior triangle & the floor of it? |
|
|
Term
| between longus colli, scalenius anterior, and the first rib |
|
Definition
| describe the boders of the vertebral triangle |
|
|
Term
the cupela (pleura of the lung)
vertebral artery |
|
Definition
| what is found in the vertebral triangle that Cole mentioned so far? |
|
|
Term
scalenius anterior, & medius/posterior
inferiorly: first rib |
|
Definition
| describe the borders of the scalene triangle |
|
|
Term
1) brachial plexus roots
2) subclavian artery |
|
Definition
| what is found in the scaline triangle? |
|
|
Term
| platysma: facial n. CN VII |
|
Definition
| this muscle is paper thin and is a superifical face muscle that extends into the neck, name it and its innervation |
|
|
Term
in superficial fascia just beneath the skin
pulls down corners of the mouth and tenses the skin of the neck |
|
Definition
| what is the action of the platisma? what layer is it in? |
|
|
Term
suprahyoid muscles:
1) digastric (anterior and posterior)
2) myelohyoid
3) stylohyoid
infrahyoids:
4) omohyoid
5) sternothyroid
6) thyrohyoid
7) sternohyoid |
|
Definition
| name the anterior neck muscles that don't attach to vertebrae |
|
|
Term
supra: innervated by cranial nerves
infra: innervated by spinal nerves |
|
Definition
| compare the innervation of suprahyoid muscles to infrahyoid muscles |
|
|
Term
| aid swallowing by pulling the thyroid cartilage and hyoid together to pull the larynx down |
|
Definition
| what do the infrahyoid muscle do? |
|
|
Term
| they are named for their origin and insertion (origin, then insertion) |
|
Definition
| what is special about the infrahyoid muscles naming? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the prefix "omo" mean? |
|
|
Term
| omohyoid - the sling divides it into superior and inferior hyoid muscles |
|
Definition
| which infrahyoid muscle has a sling? |
|
|
Term
| sternohyoid (omo has the sling and originates on the scapula (omo) which is more lateral than the sternum |
|
Definition
| which is the more medial muscle of the superficial infrahyoid muscles, sternohyoid or omohyoid? |
|
|
Term
| thyrohyoid and sternothyroid are deeper |
|
Definition
| which muscles are deeper: thyrohyoid & sternothyroid, OR omohyoid and sternohyoid? |
|
|
Term
| stylohyoid is a posterior suprahyoid muscle |
|
Definition
| this muscle runs from the styloid process to the hyoid bone, name it and say if it is infra or suprahyoid |
|
|
Term
the posterior ones:
stylohyoid & posterior digastric |
|
Definition
| what suprahyoid muscles are innervated by CN VII (facial n)? |
|
|
Term
the anterior ones:
anterior digastric and myelohyoid |
|
Definition
| what suprahyoid muscles are innervated by CN V (trigeminal n)? |
|
|
Term
| they both go through a sling |
|
Definition
| how are the digstrric and omohyoid muscles related? |
|
|
Term
1) suboccipital triangle
2) anterior triangle
3) posterior triangle
4) scalene triangle
5) vertebral triangle
6) digastric triangle
7) submental triangle
8) muscular triangle
9) carotid tirangle |
|
Definition
| list all 9 of the triangles of the neck that we talked about |
|
|
Term
| the anterior and posterior digastric muscle + the mandible |
|
Definition
| describe the boundaries of the digastric triangle |
|
|
Term
superiorly: the mandible (chin)
laterally: the anterior digastrics on each side
inferiorly: hyoid bone |
|
Definition
| describe the boundaries of the submental triangle |
|
|
Term
medially: posterior digastric
laterally: sternocleidomastoid
inferiorly: superior belly of the omohyoid |
|
Definition
| describe the boundaries of the carotid triangle (with the carotid arteries in it) |
|
|
Term
medially: sternohyoid
superiorly/laterally: omohyoid superior
laterally/inferiorly: SCM |
|
Definition
| describe the boundaries of the muscular triangle |
|
|
Term
1) digastric
2) submental partially
3) carotid
4) muscular |
|
Definition
| what triangles make up the anterior triangle? |
|
|
Term
| ventral rami of C1-4 or 5 if you include the phrenic nerve |
|
Definition
| what forms the cervical plexus? |
|
|
Term
1) somatic sensory
2) somatic motor
3) sympathetics (to sweat glands and superficial vasculature) |
|
Definition
| what information is carried in the cervical plexus nerves? |
|
|
Term
-sensory/sympathetics to the skin of the anterior neck (jaw line to jugular notch anterior to SCM)
-motor to neck muscles: infrahyoid, prevertebral (except SCM, trapezius, and the suprahyoid muscles) |
|
Definition
| what does the cervical plexus provide innervation to? |
|
|
Term
| no, they are either sensory or motor |
|
Definition
| are their mixed nerves in the cervical plexus? |
|
|
Term
1)the sternohyoid muscle
2) the sternothyroid muscle
3) the omohyoid muscle |
|
Definition
| what is innervated by the ansa cervicalis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the 2 major bundles of nerves in the cervical plexus? |
|
|
Term
| entirely motor C1 + C2 + C3 ventral rami |
|
Definition
| what is the ansa cervicalis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this nerve comes down from the skull then makes and L that loops forward to the tongue near the ansa cervicalis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what nerve do the C1 fibers travel with? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the front half of the ansa cervicalis is ventral rami C1 fibers, also known as the: |
|
|
Term
| this is a branch off of the descendens hypoglossi (C1) |
|
Definition
| what does the nerve to thyrohyoid branch off of? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most of the infrahyoid muscles are innervated by what spinal level? |
|
|
Term
| the descendens cervicalis |
|
Definition
| ventral rami of C2 & 3 join together and form the back half of the ansa cervicalis also known as: |
|
|
Term
| descendens cervicalis (posterior part of ansa cervicalis aka C2-C3) |
|
Definition
| innervates the inferior belly of omohyoid |
|
|
Term
| lateral (towards the skin) |
|
Definition
| where is the descendens hypoglossi compared to the jugular vein? |
|
|
Term
the all come out midway down the posterior edge of the SCM and radiate out like a starburst
CN XI(motor) comes out also with them |
|
Definition
| how do the cutaneous/sensory nerves (from ventral rami) come out of the cervical plexus? what nerve comes out with them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most of the cutaneous nerves of the anterior neck come from what spinal level(s)? |
|
|
Term
| its dorsal root ganglion goes to supply dura in the head |
|
Definition
| does C1 have sensory innervation? |
|
|
Term
| lesser occipital nerve (C2-3) |
|
Definition
| this nerve supplies sensory to the scalp just behind the external ear and travels up the back edge of SCM to the peak of the posterior triangle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this nerve comes out from behind SCM and goes straight up to the ear lobe, supplying the overlying strip of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what vessel does the great auricular n. travel right next to that helps to locate the nerve? |
|
|
Term
| transverse cervical n. (C2-3) |
|
Definition
| this nerve supplies sensory to the skin over the anterior triangle of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this nerve is supplied by C3-4 and supplies skin to the inferior posterior triangle and down to the shoulder and acromion, also skin just below the clavicle |
|
|
Term
| the supraclavicular nerve comes up the same spinal levels as the phrenic nerve (c3-4) |
|
Definition
| why is pericarditis,visceral parietal pericadiam pain, or diaphragm pain referred to the shoulder? |
|
|
Term
| it goes down and lateral, deep to trapezius |
|
Definition
| describe the path of the acessory nerve from where it enters the posterior tirangle |
|
|
Term
motor: suboccipital muscles
sensory: dura in posterior cranial fossa |
|
Definition
| what does the suboccipital nerve innervate? |
|
|
Term
| sensory: to scalp and skin of neck |
|
Definition
| what does the greater occipital nerve innervate? |
|
|
Term
| sensory to posterior scalp and skin of neck |
|
Definition
| what does the third occipital nerve innervate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are cervical spinal nerves in relation to the vertebrae? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what nerve runs alongside the occipital artery? |
|
|
Term
1) cranial nerves (trigeminal)
2) ventral part of cervical plexus (lesser occipital)
3) dorsal rami of the cervical spinal nerves (greater occipital/third occipital n) |
|
Definition
| what does cutaneous innervation to the scalp? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what innervates sensory over the anterior triangle? |
|
|
Term
| greater occipital on posterior scalp, third occipital on neck |
|
Definition
| what innervates the posterior scalp and neck? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what innervates skin below and posterior to the ear? |
|
|
