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| lack of wisdom, time of ignorance, because paganism dominated the land |
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| in charge of the sacred precinct, tribe of Muhammad |
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| Major Themes of the Qur’an |
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a. Allah
b. Individual Humans: message for all humans. About our relationship to God. Central aim=viable, ethical, social, order, denouncing social/economic inequalities. Follow the straight path. Day of Judgment=frequent theme.
c. Reward and Punishment: judgment left to Allah alone. We will all have to confront our deeds. Faith in God=Iman. Opposite=Kufr.
d. Angels, Prophets, Last Day |
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| The first sura, called “The Opening.” Contains seven verses that are prayers for God’s guidance and stress the lordship and mercy of God. Plays a special role in daily prayer, recited at the start of each of the salah. |
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| (sayings/stories attributed to Him, written 200 years after his death, proved by the Isnad—transmission, lineage of people linking back to the witness of the Prophet’s sayings. |
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| the struggle, striving of the faith |
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| first wife of Muhammad.40-year-old widow, who was also one of his first followers. |
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| Muhammad's third wife, who was also the daughter of Abu Bakr, who becomes the first caliph after the death of Muhammad. Aka “Mother of the Believers.” |
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| youngest daughter of the prophet Mohammed and wife of the fourth caliph Ali; revered especially by Shiite Muslims |
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| at the age of 40, Muhammad had a life-transforming experience at Mt. Hira, where he first received revelation from the Angel Gabriel. These revelations continued for about 22 years |
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| “behavior of the prophet.” |
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| Jews and Christians (the People of the Book) |
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Muhammad and his first followers: Khadijah and Abu Bakr, brought the message to Mecca. It was rejected, however, for about ten years because it…
1. Undermined the tribal idols
2. Undermined the economic system
3. Preached a personal God, as close to you as your jugular
(all which questioned the tribal system) |
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| Hijra—Muhammad’s uncle died, leaving him no protection under the high persecution he was under for preaching Islam. Muhammad and his followers fled north to Medina (which it’s name now meaning “City of the Prophet”). Here, the 5 Pillars of Islam were established. |
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| (profession of faith) one converts to Islam if he says this with 2 Muslims present. States there is no God but God and Muhammad is the messenger from God. Similar in the foundational creed in Judaism (Shema) Both proclaim the oneness of God, which is interesting because they both lived amongst people who believed in many Gods. (also, Islam emerged during a time of Christianity, which boasts a tri-God head). |
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| prayer. Initially, Muhammad prayed 3 times, facing Jerusalem, [like the Jews] but then changed to 5 times, and changed the Quibla (direction of prayer) to face Mecca. Prayers include suras, bowing, kneeling, and prostration. |
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| the Muslim official of a mosque who summons the faithful to prayer from a minaret five times a day |
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| fasting, during the lunar month of Ramadan |
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| ("Feast of the Breaking of the Fast"). Holiday celebrated at the end of the month of Ramadan. |
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| 10-day pilgrimage to Mecca. |
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| Muhammad returns to Mecca, reclaims it, and smashes all the idols in the Ka’ba. Pilgrimage to Mecca to worship Allah, the God, instead of all of the gods. |
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| The Qu’ran and Hadith therefore acted as basis for interpreting law |
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| Different schools emerged to decide the Sharia. Most died out, but the most prominent one that remains is ___________, which strongly emphasizes the importance of the Sunnah and abrogation: out of the multiple verses in the Qur’an that relate legal rulings, they accept the later one as the answer (causes problems because the suras were not arranged chronologically, but by length). |
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| in the Islamic faith is a religious opinion on Islamic law issued by an Islamic scholar. |
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| knowledge, understanding and comprehension; refers to the legal rulings of the Muslim scholars based on their knowledge of the shari’ah; Islamic jurisprudence (the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do law: the collection of rules imposed by authority) |
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| an Arabic term designating any object or an action which is permissible to use or engage in, according to Islamic law and custom. It is the opposite of haraam. The term is widely used to designate food seen as permissible according to Islamic law |
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| political leadership of the Muslim ummah in classical and medieval Islamic history and juristic theory. |
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| (632-634)—after the Prophet died, one of the problems of the early community was who was now the leader. Muhammad did not appoint a successor, so the council appointed his close companion, to be the first Caliph (deputy of God, political leader. No special relationship wit God, just political leader). |
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| The Riddah Wars and what they lead to |
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Tribes wanted to break away from the community now that the Prophet was dead, causing revolts, Abu does the best he can to break up these revolts. These wars lead to
1. The Collection of the Qur’an—people who committed it to memory wrote it down, Abu Bakr called for the collection of the scattered revelations (from when the Prophet had revelations and scribes were with him to write them down)
2. Internal Conflict, Expansion—to take focus off of local problems, there was a focus on expanding the kingdom.
a. Expanded north. Because the Sasanian and Byzantine empires had continually been in battle against each other, they were both weak. The Sasanian king just died, suppressed churches wanted a break from the Byzantine’s religious oppression (there was no forced conversion under Abu Bakr), and Abu was able to recruit a good military—allowing him to overtake the north. |
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(634-644)—succeeds Abu Bakr. Known for expansion. Ruling this large empire was very new to this tribal community. Umar is known for centralizing this empire.
• State system emerges
1. Tax=rationed to soldiers
2. Governors appointed
3. Early $ system established |
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| "protected people," followers of a tolerated religion under Islam. Normally, dhimmi are allowed to practice their religion in private but not to seek converts. This protection was established under the caliph Umar through the Pact of Umar. |
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(644-656)—almost conquered all of Sasanian Empire and parts of N. Africa.
Problems Develop:
b. Social inequality
• Unequal distribution of riches. Calvary received twice as much.
• Conflict between early converts and emerging tribal elite, like the Umayyad tribe—the Umayyad tribe converted at the last possible moment when the Ka’ba was destroyed and Mecca was reclaimed because there were many political benefits to converting since Islam=now dominant in Mecca.
Uthman, however, converted earlier, but was a part of the Umayyad clad. He appointed a lot of hi own family members to key positions and favored them when it came to key positions, land, favors, etc. |
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| Who standardized the Qur'an? |
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Uthman standardizes the Qur’an. Even though there were variations between those that Abu Bakr collected (i.e. no vowel marks allow for different interpretations). All other versions were ordered to be burnt.
→Uthman’s favoritism and burning of all other versions of the Qur’an cause rebels to march to Medina and protest his rule. He was then assassinated. |
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(656-661)—cousin/son in law of the Prophet. Long awaited to be Caliph, especially amongst all the rebels who assassinated Uthman, which is why he was hesitant at first to become Caliph because he did not want to be associated with his assassination.
Ali began removing Umayyad officials from power. The Umayyads were very powerful, and there was lots of resistance. They rally up the governor of Siria, Mu’awiya, who gathers up an army to remove Ali from power, which is the beginning of the First Fitna (civil war). |
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| At this battle in 657 Ali is about to win with Mu’awiya calls arbitration. Ali agrees, and loses many of his followers after that. After he lost followers, Mu’awiya continued to raid, and eventually assassinates Ali in 661. |
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| Ali’s sons--favored candidates to be the next caliph, but they do not want to because of Mu’awiya’s power. |
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| (661-680) He beomes caliph after the assassination of Ali and Ali’s sons do not want to fight to be caliph. He wants to set up a dynasty, setting his son Yazid as the new caliph. This is unpopular because people do not want the rule to be hereditary. This causes the second fitna (civil war). |
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| Husayn, Ali’s son, rebels against the Umayyad Dynasty.(680) Husayn and many of the prophet’s family members are defeated completely. Umayyad keeps power. ***Retroactively seen as the origins of the split between the Sunnis and the Shi’ites. |
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| =”follows Ali.” They believe that the leadership should only come from people related to Muhammad. Therefore, Ali was the first true leader after the death of the Prophet. Shi’ats believe there were actually Shi’ats since the life of Muhammad and that he appointed Ali; leadership should have always been in his line. |
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| As oppose to caliphs (who were just political leaders), these “rightful leaders of the community,” were seen as pious, righteous beyond the average person. This position should be passed down from father to son. |
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| Process of designation for Imams |
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| Among Shi’ites, there are 3 different groups that believe in the true Imams. One of the most famous is the __________ group, who believe there were 12 true Imams. The 11th Imam, Hasan al-Askari was said not to have a son until he died. At the time of his death, people close to him said that he did and that he has been in __________, or hiding. It is told that he, “al-Mahdi,” will return at the end of time with Jesus. |
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| Interpretation of the Qur’an |
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| that which came down referring to the Revelations |
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| old man. Religious teachers |
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