Term
| What are the three major groups of rocks found on planet Earth? |
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Definition
| Sedimentary, Igneous, and metamorphic |
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Term
Which of the following processes is associated with igneous rocks?
a. Solid‐state recrystallization
b. Weathering and erosion
c. Transportation and deposition
d. Cooling a silicate liquid to a solid rock
e. The accumulation of granitic debris in a morain |
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Definition
| d. Cooling a silicate liquid to a solid roc |
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Term
| If a silicate liquid flows out along the Earth’s surface or seabed, then it is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| If a silicate liquid exists beneath the Earth’s surface or seabed, then it is called... |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following terms refer to a body of magma or its solidified equivalent?
a. Basalt
b. Sandstone
c. Gneiss
d. Pluton
e. Schist |
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Definition
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Term
If you can see the crystals making up an igneous rock with the naked eye, then the texture is
described as
a. Pyroclastic
b. Phaneritic
c. Aphanitic
d. Porphyritic
e. Aphyric |
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Definition
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Term
In an aphanitic igneous rock can you make out the outlines of individual crystals with the naked
eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of igneous rock is the most volumetrically important on our planet? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following minerals contain Ca, Na, or K in their chemical formulae?
a. Olivine
b. Pyroxene
c. Plagioclase
d. K‐feldspar
e. Muscovite |
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Definition
c. Plagioclase
d. K‐feldspar
e. Muscovite |
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Term
Which of the following minerals contain Fe and Mg in their chemical formulae?
a. Olivine
b. Amphibole
c. Biotite
d. Plagioclase
e. Muscovite |
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Definition
a. Olivine
b. Amphibole
c. Biotite |
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Term
Pick from the following list all the intrusive rock names.
a. Olivine
b. Gabbro
c. Rhyolite
d. Granite
e. Granodiorite |
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Definition
b. Gabbro
d. Granite
e. Granodiorit |
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Term
| All intrusive igneous rocks crystallized from ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
The principal minerals used in the classification of intrusive igneous rocks are
a. Quartz and plagioclase
b. Quartz, plagioclase, and alkali feldspar (K‐feldspar)
c. Quartz, alkali feldspar, and amphibole
d. Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite
e. None of the above |
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Definition
| b. Quartz plagioclase alkali feldspar (K‐Feldspar |
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Term
In the following list which intrusive igneous rock would have the highest quartz content?
a. Gabbro
b. Diorite
c. Quartz diorite
d. Granite
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Relative to the total feldspar population (i.e., K‐feldspar and plagioclase) which intrusive igneous
rock in the following list would have the highest proportion of plagioclase?
a. Tonalite
b. Granodiorite
c. Granite
d. Rhyolite
e. Rhyodacite |
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Definition
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Term
Relative to the total feldspar population (i.e., K‐feldspar and plagioclase) which intrusive igneous
rock in the following list would have the highest proportion of K‐feldspar?
a. Gabbro
b. Diorite
c. Tonalite
d. Granodiorite
e. Granite |
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Definition
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Term
| Is gabbro darker or lighter in color than granite? If so, then why? |
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Definition
Darker – it contains a significantly greater proportion of the dark‐colored minerals such as
amphibole and pyroxen |
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Term
What is the color index used to differentiate gabbro from diorite?
a. 20%
b. 30%
c. 40%
d. 50%
e. 60% |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are granites, granodiorites, and tonalites lighter in color than gabbros and diorites? |
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Definition
They are composed mostly of the light‐colored minerals quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, and
muscovite |
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Term
| All extrusive igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| All extrusive igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
What is the intrusive compositional equivalent of a basalt?
a. Granite
b. Granodiorite
c. Tonalite
d. Gabbro
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
What is the intrusive compositional equivalent of a rhyolite?
a. Granite
b. Granodiorite
c. Tonalite
d. Gabbro
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| Are basalts silicic, intermediate, or mafic in composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are andesites silicic, intermediate, or mafic in composition |
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Definition
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Term
| Are rhyolites, rhyodacites, and dacites, silicic, intermediate, or mafic in composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Silicic intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks contain more than _______ wt % SiO2. |
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Definition
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Term
Intermediate intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks contain between _______ and ______ wt %
SiO2 |
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Definition
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Term
| Mafic intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks contain between ________ an ________ wt % SiO2. |
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Definition
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Term
| Material blown out of a volcano is called ____________________ or _____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
Pick from the following list all of the pyroclastic rocks.
a. Tuff breccia
b. Tuff
c. Lapilli tuff
d. Agglomerate
e. Volcanic breccia |
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Definition
| a. through e. are all pyroclastic rock |
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Term
| Bombs and blocks are larger than _________ mm in size |
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Definition
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Term
| Ash is less than ________ mm in size |
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Definition
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Term
| Lapilli are between ______ mm and _______ mm in size. |
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Definition
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Term
| A tuff breccia would contain between _______ % and ________ % blocks. |
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Definition
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Term
A pyroclastic rock composed predominately of bombs would be classified as
a. Tuff breccia
b. Agglomerate
c. Volcanic breccia
d. Lapilli tuff
e. Tuff |
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Definition
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Term
| Are bombs solid or plastic‐like and poorly solidified when expelled from a volcano? |
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Definition
| Plastic‐like and poorly consolidate |
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Term
Large (>64 mm) solid angular blocky pieces of the walls of a volcano that are caught up and
expelled as tephra during an explosive eruption are classified as ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
Pick from the following list all of the clastic sedimentary rocks.
a. Sandstone
b. Limestone
c. Conglomerate
d. Mudstone
e. Siltston |
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Definition
| a. Sandstone, c. Conglomerate, d. Mudstone, e. Siltstone |
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Term
Clastic sedimentary rocks differ from igneous and metamorphic rocks by being composed of
weathered and eroded particles derived from previously existing Earth material. True or false? |
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Definition
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Term
The weathered and eroded particles found in clastic sedimentary rocks are sometimes called
__________________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following represent the size range for clay?
a. 0.06 mm to 2.0 mm
b. 0.004 mm to 0.06 mm
c. < 0.004 mm
d. 2.0 to 64 mm
e. 64 mm to 256 mm. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following represent the size range for silt?
a. 0.06 mm to 2.0 mm
b. 0.004 mm to 0.06 mm
c. < 0.004 mm
d. 2.0 to 64 mm
e. 64 mm to 256 mm |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following represent the size range for sand?
a. 0.06 mm to 2.0 mm
b. 0.004 mm to 0.06 mm
c. < 0.004 mm
d. 2.0 to 64 mm
e. 64 mm to 256 mm. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following represent the size range for gravel?
a. 0.06 mm to 2.0 mm
b. 0.004 mm to 0.06 mm
c. < 0.004 mm
d. >2.0 mm
e. None of the above |
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Definition
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Term
A rock composed of rounded gravel is called
a. Sandstone
b. Mudstone
c. Claystone
d. Siltstone
e. Conglomerate |
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Definition
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Term
A clastic sedimentary rock composed of angular pieces of gravel would be classified as a
________________. |
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Definition
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Term
If a rock is derived from the solid‐state recrystallization of an older previously existing rock, then
it is a _____________________________ rock. |
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Definition
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Term
Pick from the following list the metamorphic rocks.
a. Granite
b. Diorite
c. Gneiss
d. Conglomerate
e. Slate |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the geothermal gradient |
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Definition
| the change in temperature with depth |
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Term
| What is the geobarometric gradient? |
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Definition
| the change in pressure with depth |
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Term
In the crust, would low grade metamorphic rocks lie above or below intermediate and high
grade metamorphic rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following formed under the lowest grade conditions? Slate, Schist, Gneiss |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is the coarsest? Slate, Schist, Gneiss |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a typical geotherm in the middle of a continent? |
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Definition
d. 20 degrees ‐ 30 degrees
C/k |
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Term
| What is the importance of the Earth’s magnetic field to life on Earth? |
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Definition
The Earth’s magnetic field allows for a sustained atmosphere and oceans, two essential
components for life. |
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Term
| What is the average thickness of continental lithosphere and oceanic lithosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of lithosphere has the thicker crustal component? |
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Definition
| Continental crust is significantly thicker than ocean crus |
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Term
As newly formed oceanic lithosphere forms at mid‐ocean ridges is it denser than the underlying
asthenosphere |
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Definition
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Term
As newly formed oceanic lithosphere forms at mid‐ocean ridges is it negatively or positively
buoyant |
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Definition
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Term
Today, as newly formed oceanic lithosphere moves away from its site of origin at a mid‐ocean
ridge what happens to it |
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Definition
| It’s density increases and it becomes negatively buoyant |
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Term
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Definition
Ridge push occurs as hot asthenosphere rising beneath a mid‐ocean ridge inflates, pushing the
plates on opposite sides of the ridge apart |
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Term
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Definition
Slab pull occurs when the leading edge of subducting lithosphere having reached such a great
depth beneath an island arc has become very dense, and as a result pulls the subducting
lithosphere down ward. |
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Term
| What is top‐down convection |
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Definition
Top‐down convection is the type of convection produced when cold, rigid, dense lithosphere
sinks and is pulled downward displacing lower hot asthenospheric mantle which then spreads
laterally and eventually rises upward at mid‐ocean ridges. |
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Term
| What major lithospheric plate is composed primarily of oceanic lithosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
If an island arc is embedded in oceanic lithosphere, then it is classified as an
______________________________________ island arc. |
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Definition
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Term
If an island arc is embedded in continental lithosphere, then it is classified as a
______________________________‐________________ island arc |
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Definition
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