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One point of crossover occurs between the selected point on the parent organism |
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No Crossover occurs between the selected points on the parent organism strings |
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Two-point crossover where two points to be selected on the parent organism strings. Everything between the two points is swapped between the parent organisms, rendering two child organisms: |
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Coefficient of coincidence |
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Ratio of observed double crossovers to expected crossovers |
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Degree to which one crossover interferes with additional crossovers |
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A function to relate the map distance to the recombination rate. Also takes into consideration that some multiple crossovers will be undetected. Takes into account all crossovers. |
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Some measurement such as height, weight, yield (not eye color or ordinal numbers like number of bristles) |
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Proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic differences 0 = no genetic variability 1 = no environmental variablilty |
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Proportion of the phenotyic variance that can be attributed to genetic variance |
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Narrow Sense Heritability |
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Proportion of the phenotypic variance that can be attributed to additive genetic variance |
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Also truncation selection. A type of selection where we are interested in increasing some quantitative trait through selective breeding |
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Selection Differential (SD) |
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The selection differential is the difference of the base population mean and the mean of the selected parents. I x Sigma |
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Difference in mean of original vs mean of offspring H2SD |
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Set of genomic frequencies PAA+QAa+Raa |
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Set of allelic frequencies pA+qa p=P+1/2Q, q=R+1/2Q |
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Organism that possesses two identical alleles at a locus -In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of homozygotes in the population |
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Organism that possesses two different alleles at a locus -In regards to Hardy-Weinberg: Fraction of heterozygotes in the population |
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having multiple alleles of a gene within a population, usually expressing different phenotypes |
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium |
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Important principle of population genetics stating that, in a large, randomly mating population not affected by mutation, migration, or natural selection, allelic frequencies will not change and genotype frequencies stabilize after one generation the proportion is p2, 2pq, q2, where p equals the frequency of allele A and q equals the frequency of allele a. p2AA+2pqAa+p2aa |
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Selection in which one trait or allele is favored over another. Favored allele is eventually fixed in the population and the other is lost. |
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All alleles remain in population but heterozygous fitness is greatest |
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Fitness of heterozygote is smaller than either of the homozygotes |
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Selection in which the heterozygote has higher fitness than than of either homozygote; also called heterozygote advantage |
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Selection in which the heterozygote has lower fitness than that of either homozygote |
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The sum of the fitnesses of the genotypes of a population weighted by their proportions; hence a weighted mean fitness. |
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Genetic Drift (Random Drift) |
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Change in allelic frequency due to sampling error |
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Small population colonizing a new area. -Small size -Not representative of entire population -Undergo Strong Selection |
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is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a biological cell. |
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True copy number. Refers to mutations that involve excess or deficiency of all all all of the chromosome types |
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Derived from a nondisjunction event within a single species. Normally infertile and have an odd number of copies of haploid number |
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Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in meiosis or mitosis |
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Adding portions of the chromosome |
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Mutation in which one or more nucleotides are deleted from a DNA sequence |
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When the order of the DNA is rearranged form normal order on the chromosome |
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Monosomy refers to lack of one chromosome of the normal complement. Partial monosomy can occur in unbalanced translocations or deletions, in which only a portion of the chromosome is present in a single copy |
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Trisomy refers to the presence of three copies, instead of the normal two |
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Derived from a nondisjunction event within single species. Excess or deficiency in single chromosome |
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Having two or more complete sets of chromosomes derived from different species. |
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Movement of a chromosome segment to a nonhomologous chromosome or to a region within the same chromosome; also movement of a ribosome along mRNA in the course of translation |
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Movement of a transposable genetic element from one site to another. Replicative transposition increases the number of copies of the transposable element; nonreplicative transposition does not increase the number of copies |
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Where 2 chromosomes come together |
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Where 2 Chromosomes split |
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Reaction of an organism to environmental stimuli |
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is the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. |
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occurs when a whole organism moves in response to the stimulus light. |
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Example: Fish in streams inevitably face upstream |
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Percentage of twin pairs in which both twins have a particular trait |
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Allows scientists to study human differences based on environment and genetics when they have itentical (monozygotic twins)genetics or are raised in same environment but have similar genes (monozygotic) |
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Single gene behavioral traits |
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behavioral traits the are the result of single genes Examples: Lesch-Nyhan Disease, Fragile X, Hygienic Bees |
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A trait that falls into natural groups that originate not in categorically distinct causes but in whether or not the outcome attains critical values; e.g., gallstones may result from a categorical cause or from unusual levels of causal factors that themselves show no evidence of grouping. |
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studying breeds/species with extreme traits often helps us to understand behavioral traits |
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Variable in Mass selection equations (I) Given for proportion |
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Standardized Selection Point |
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Value in Mass selection equations (Z) Given for proportion Z=(x-mu)/sigma |
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When mates are chosen based on the similarity of their phenotypes. Results in an increase in homozygosity |
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