001.1. When the dictionary definitions and the philosophical descriptions of the term "profession" are combined, what are the criteria for an occupation to be described as a profession?

One that exhibits a body of theory and specialized knowledge, is service-oriented, and has a distinct subculture.

001.2. What is wrong with the position that any given broadly defined occupation is either a profession or it is not?

That approach leads to such conclusions as only doctors and not nurses are members of the medical profession and only officers and not enlisted are professionals in the POA.  The vast majority of occupations and professions are distributed all along the great middle between the two extremes.  The characteristics which determine an occupation's place on the Professions Continuum is not prestige or salary, but rather the three criteria.  A century or two ago only a few recognized professions existed (physician, professor, clergy, etc.) and now there's no need for the vacuum tube changer in today's computer systems (an important job only half a generation ago.)

001.3. List unprofessional actions that should not be exhibited by NCOs.

Coasting through a career; considering oneself only a technical expert; discrimination; ignoring direction from your superiors and then asking for forgiveness later; inflating EPRs; lack of self development; neglecting weak skill areas such as writing; only focusing upon one area of your job or responsibilities; poor attitude; purposely rushing to miss reveille and retreat; seeing discipline violations and not correcting; sexual harassment; shabby wear of the uniform (rag bag syndrome); shying away from additional responsibility; taking advantage of no supervision; understanding role model responibilities; using personal bias in the evaluation process; weak performance feedback or no performance feedback; whining or complaining about everything.

001.4. What motivates NCOs to choose to behave in a professional manner?

Seriousness about the commitment and obligation sworn to in the oath of enlistment; association with those with very high standards; a sense of urgency; have worked under the leadership of several good professional supervisors; have patriotic undertones driving personality; view military service as serving a cause higher than self; see themselves as serving a cause higher than self; view the POA/military as a profession; view themselves as more than a technician; view themselves as professional.

001.5. What is the impact of unprofessional behaviors upon the Air Force?

Degraded mission effectiveness; decrease in organizational efficiency; lack of subordinate growth and development; no mentorship; perpetuates a "just a job" attitude; discipline and morale suffer.

001.6. Why is it important that we continue to move along the professional continuum?

If we all don't aspire to improve or enhance our level of performance and abide by the same core values and responsibilities, then there is no way the profession as a whole can advance along the continuum of occupations. In other words, a weak link here and a weak link there will cause the entire organization to lose status. A continual move toward professionalism helps increase public trust of the military.

002.1. Give examples of how today's enlisted corps is significantly different than our predecessors in the areas of higher level resposibilities and education.

Many enlisted members are assuming responsibilities once exclusively reserved for members of the officer corps. These increased responsibilitites, both technical and supervisory, are being executed more capably because the enlisted individuals involved have a firm basis of professional understanding based upon increased levels of education.

002.2. How does the Profession of Arms subject area broaden our perspective of the military profession?

Builds an appreciation of our membership in the POA.  Provides information about events and issues that dictate military missions.  It also teaches and reminds us about our history and culture.  It provides the foundation for NCO mentorship.

002.3. What are the primary sources for our continued study and improvement?

CMSAF Professional Reading List; AFM 10-100, Airman's Manual; PFE; various applicable AFI, AFP, AFM, AFDD; AF web site and the various news and publication links it contains; Enlisted Heritage Research Institute web page; Air University Library web page; AFPC Personnel Issues web page.

003.1. What three core objectives steer our national strategy process?

The three core objectives are enhancing our own strategy, promoting democracy abroad, and bolstering America's economic prosperity.

003.2. What is the primary focus of National Security Strategy?

National Security Strategy primarily focuses on the myriad of military threats that the nation must confront.

003.3. When was Airlift first used as a mechanism for National Security?

According to Major Richard J. Hazdra, USAF, in the book, Air Mobility - The Key to the United States National Security Strategy, Airlift was first used as a tool of National Security through the Berlin Airlift.

003.4. Which command solely provides Air Mobility for the United States?

Air Mobility Command (AMC).

003.5. How is National Security beneficial to National Strategy?

National Security Strategy is an extension of National Security.  National Security is utilizing Air Mobility resourcees effectively by adhering to the National Security Strategy.  This encourages prevention and limitations of terrorist activity.

003.6. Identify the three categories relative to determining a nation's needs and interests.

Military strategists focus primarily on three categories; relative interest, their intensity and the risks involved.  Intensity is extremely crucial because it distinctly defines where the military will and will not focus its energies.

003.7. Who is responsible for determining the nation's needs and interests?

Strategists must weigh heavily the nation's needs and interests.  The process entails determining what interests and what national instruments of power are available and applicable.

003.8. Identify the four levels of intensity.

The four levels of intensity are survival, vital, major and peripheral.

004.1. How does National Power support National Security?

Strategy makers must match the instruments of power to the interests of the state.  They must consider the interests and the instruments in existence to pursue those interests, which are matters of public policy choices.  The choices are made in the political realm.  Strategists must determine to what ends will the allocation of scarce or abundant resources be dispersed.

004.2. Identify and explain the responsibilities for each instrument of power.

A military instrument is the extent to which a nation's armed forces can be employed to achieve national end.  The potential use of the military instrument, even when its application is not threatened, always lurks in the background to condition international relationships.  The ultimate application, of course, is direct involvement in combating support of vital interests.  The success of the military instrument is determined by the following: economic and technological base of a nation; a nation's economic status is dependent upon diplomatic skill in negotiating favorable trade agreements; and a nation's diplomatic success depends on the nation's ability to back up its activities through economic and military rewards and sanctions.

The economic instruments have similar constraints to the diplomatic/political instrument.  The degree to which the US government can manipulate economic assistance is limited by the comparatively small and static size of its assistance budget.  Foreign aid has been described as a budgetary element with no real domestic constituency and, as a result, it has not grown with inflation (meaning its real value has declined).

The use of diplomatic instruments is the ability to meditate successfully and to produce unique and mutually acceptable solutions to complex issues without application of military or economic power is the essence of the diplomatic instrument.

The use of the diplomatic instrument of power employs methods that a nation uses to bring its international position and diplomatic skills to bear in pursuit of national interests.

004.3. Explain the relationship between each instrument of power.

Each instrument of power is a combination of multiple factors, and any one factor can be crucial in a given situation.  The diplomatic, political and economic instruments include the military instrument.  It is difficult, for example, to identify any simple index of military power that allows prediction of a clash between two reasonably equal, or even not so equal, foes because so many factors comprise military prowess.  In addition to such obvious factors as the amount of manpower and firepower available to any contestant, numerous other influences may prove critical.  Some of these factors are tangible, such as the length and security of supply lines, and others are more difficult to measure precisely, such as morale, leadership, strategic and tactical soundness, compatibility between physical capabilities and political objectives, and mere luck.  To a great extent, military history is a chronicle of calculation and miscalculation in comparing military instruments and their capacities to serve national ends.

004.4. When to the strategists determine which instrument of power to utilize?

When they have identified the various levels of basic threats.

005.1. Explain how National Strategy processes support National Security.

There are four distinct areas of importance in relation to how the national strategy processes support National Security.  Those areas are identified as objective and initiatives, developing military stragegy, designing operational strategy, and formulating battlefield strategy.

005.2. What is the first step towards implementing a National Security Strategy? Why?

Defining the objective and initiatives.  Doing so ensures stategists are formulating an effective National Security Strategy; it is the reasoning for devising a strategy process.

005.3. What is the difference between military strategy and operational strategy?

Military strategy sets in motion the actions required to develop a military force structure (i.e., planning; procurring weapon systems material; and recruiting, training, and sustaining personnel) and then deploys that force structure.  Military strategy is also broad in its scope.  Operational strategy is much narrower and more specific.  Operational strategy employs the forces provided by military strategy.

005.4. Differentiate between tactics and higher levels of stragegy relative to battlefield strategy.

The classic differentiation between tactics and higher levels of strategy remains relevant in the sense that tactics govern the use of forces on the battlefield while grand strategy, military strategy, and operational strategy bring forces to the battlefield.  One can also add some clarity to the situation by stating that tactics are concerned with doing the job "right" and higher levels of strategy are concerned with doing the "right" job.

006.1. How are national decisions defined?

National decisions are decisions about the content of grand strategy and the resources available to implement that strategy.  These decisions are products of political processes within the Federal Government.

006.2. What elements comprise the coordination of military strategy?

Employment, development and deployment.

006.3. Explain the coordination process.

Coordination is geared primarily to relationships between instruments of power at the grand strategy level and refers to relationships within the military instrument of power.  The strategists attempt to coordinate the elements of military strategy.  The strategists must consider elements such as how should the risks be managed; should they prepare for the worse case or the most likely  case; and can one prepare for both possibilties, or would that raise the specter of not being prepared adequately for either case.

007.1. How does Major Regional Conflict (MRC) affect National Security?

They have a heavy demand on US forces and definitely drive most force requirements.

007.2. Identify the four phases of department planning framework for MRC.

Halting the invasion, force buildup, Couteroffensive, and ensuring post-war stability.

007.3. When does regional conflict exist?

Regional conflict exists anytime the use of military power by force is contemplated or activated.

008.1. Define terrorism.

Terrorism is "...the systematic use of terror or unpredictiable violence against governments, publics, or individuals to attain a political objective.  Terrorism has been used by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and ethnic groups, by revolutionaries, and by the armies and secret police of governments themselves."

008.2. Identify two terrorist groups.

Any two of the following:  Gaader-Meinhof gang of West Germany, the Japanese Red Army, Italy's Red Brigades, the Puerto Rican FALN, al-Fatah and other palestinian organizations, the Shining Path of Peru, and France's Direct Action were among the most prominent terrorist groups of the later 20th century.  After the American Civil War (1861-1865) defiant Southerners formed a terrorist organization called the Ku Klux Klan to intimidate supporters of Reconstruction.

008.3. How do terrorist groups finance their violent activities?

Drug trafficking is at the top of their list of illegal money raising activities, followed by robbery, extortion, kidnapping, blackmailing and arms smuggling.

008.4. What is the responsibility of the HIDTA Program?

The HIDTA is responsible for reducing the production, manufacturing, distribution, transportation and chronic use of illegal drugs, as well as the attendant money laundering of drug proceeds.

008.5. Which drug does the intelligence community believes has been the primary narcotics threat since 1985?

Cocaine.

008.6. Which drug is the most widely abused and readily available, illicit drug in the United States?

Marijuana.

008.7. How does international organized crime negatively impact our nation?

Drugs, terrorism, and organized crime are far better financed and more disciplined than previously suspected.  Drug cartels have the ability to move literally hundreds of billions of dollars in and out of legitimate financial systems.  Organized crime groups, particularly in Russia, now have almost a choke hold on the country's vast natural resources, as well as their banks and media.  Russia has been described recently by the press as a kleptocracy from top to bottom, a semicriminal State.  And there are now various terrorist groups, including those being sponsored by Iran and Iraq, which are actively recruiting top nuclear scientists in their efforts to obtain nuclear weapons.  Unfortunately, these areas of concern can cause our economy to weaken financially and reduce National Security while placing the United States in an extremely vulnerable position.

009.1. What three risks are associated with nuclear proliferation?

Potential losses to US forces, damage to allied nations, and escalation to a superpower confrontation.

009.2. What are two major problems posed by biological and chemical weapons?

Biological and chemical weapons are easy to produce and easy to conceal.

010.1.  What does Information Warfare (IW) consist of?

Information Warfare (IW) consists of actions taken to achieve information superiority in support of national military strategy by affecting adversary information and information systems while leveraging and protecting our own information and information systems.  This formulation is intended to encompass military and non-military actions as well as offensive and defensive aspects.  It also encompasses all levels of war from the tactical to strategic, and applies to peacetime and wartime conditions.

010.2. Describe the emphases of Offensive Information Warfare.

Offensive Information Warfare (IW) emphasizes the manipulation of electronic information systems to influence an adversary's perceptions and behavior.  This might, for example, involove disabling military and civilian telecommunication systems through computer viruses or electomagnetic pulse devices.  Infiltration is, however, the "maneuver of choice" since an enemy, unaware that his information sources have been compromised, will continue to trust them, creating opportunities for deception.  Offensive IW also emphasizes the use of direct broadcast satellites, the commercial media, and "visual stimulus and illusion" technologies such as holography to conduct propaganda and subversion.

010.3. What does Defensive Information Warfare entail?

Defensive Information Warfare (IW) requires an ability to detect and thwart attempts to tamper with one's own sources of information.  In the military sphere, this entails assuring the integrity of command and control, communications, and intelligence systems.  Critical elements of the civilian infrastructure such as power grids, financial networks, and telecommunications systems must also be protected.

010.4. What is the American information infrastructure vulnerable to?

The American information infrastructure, which the US defense communications depends, is highly vulnerable to infiltration and sabotage.

010.5. Identify the nine critical issue areas of an infrastructure.

Fragmentation of responsibility, technology, architectural framework, people, facilities, data bases, network control, threat and risk, and security in a global infrastructure.

010.6. What are the three keys to protecting the nations information infrastructure?

The key to protecting the nation's information infrastructure is to provide the ability to protect the system from attack; detect an event when it is occurring and be able to decide if it is an attack, a failure mode, or an isolated hacker; and react to the event in a way that minimizes the impact and restores and mainains capability.  Protect!  Detect!  React!

011.1. How does MOOTW support National Security?

MOOTW focuses on deterring war, resolving conflict, promoting peace, and supporting civil authorities in response to domestic crisis.

011.2. What does combat operations of MOOTW include?

Typically, MOOTW involves combat operations entailing protection of shipping, enforcement of exclusion zones, couter air interdiction and attack.  MOOTW involving combat, such as peace enforcement, may have many of the same characteristics of war, including active combat operations and employment of most combat capabilities.

011.3. What is the goal of MOOTW during Noncombat?

As in war, the goal is to achieve national objectives as quickly as possible and conclude military operations on terms favorable to the United States and its allies.  However,  the purposes of conducting MOOTW may be multiple, with the relative importance or hierarchy of such purposes changing or unclear.

011.4. When is overlapping operations of MOOTW prevalent?

Overlapping operations of MOOTW is demonstrated when combat MOOTW and noncombat MOOTW is conducted simultaneously.

012.1. How do space operations support National Security?

By eliminating the use of hostile forces ability to disrupt navigation signals.

012.2. What responsibilities lie within spaces systems structure?

Space forces provide military leaders, operators and planners with enormous force enhancement products and services that are essential in achieving rapid dominance of the battle space.  Today's space systems provide key information via global communications, navigation, weather, warning, and ISR to achieve full spectrum dominance across the range of military operations.  In addition, space forces afford a commanding view of operations and provide an important military advantage.

013.1. What is the EAF concept?

EAF is intended to improve our ability to rapidly deploy light, lean and lethal elements of air and space forces anywhere on the globe, while providing predictability and stability for all airmen.  Tom meet this challenge, the Air Force assigned people and equipiment from active-duty, Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve units into 10 Air and Space expeditionary forces, two crisis-response air and space expeditionary wings and five lead mobility wings.

013.3. Explain the deployment process of AEF.

Under the AEF concept almost all of the Air Force-active, Reserve and Guard-will be divided into 10 force packages, each with a cross-section of Air Force weapon systems drawn from geographically separated units.  Each AEF will have about 175 aircraft, and each will be more formidable than the air forces of most nations.  These AEF packages will be able to respond within 72 hours of any unexpected contingency and will be trained and tailored to meet commanders' needs in a wide range of contingency operations.  Each AEF will be on call to handle contingency operations for about 90 days every 15 months-two will be on call at all times; about half of each AEF to wait on call at home bases during the 90-day window and about half to deploy.

013.4. How does EAF/AEF support National Security?

The Expeditionary Air and Space Force organization and its Air and Space Expeditionary Force tool aupport National Security by increasing morale and the retention among airmen, decreasing the negative effect that high operations tempo has on airmen, and presenting an organized, trained and fully equipped force to deal with threats to National Security.

014.1. What is the purpose ofo joint warfare and the desired outcome?

The purpose of joint operations is to combine forces and resources under organized leadership to maintain National Security.  Joint warfare does not require that all forces participate in a particular operation merely because of their availability.  Joint warfare operations were designed to ensure that military objectives are achieved in the most effective and efficient manner possible.

014.2. What is considered the bedrock of US military doctrine?

The principles of war are identified as the bedrock of US military doctrine.

014.3. What do the principles of war provide?

The principles of war provide the basis for the fundamentals of joint warfare and for the services to develop their respective doctrine, tactics, techniques and procedures.

015.1. What was the name of the Berlin Airlift operation and its significance to air transport?

Operation Vittles underlined the importance and feasibility of sustained, round-the-clock mass movement of cargo by air.  It brought experience in operational techniques, air traffic control, and maintenance and reconditioning of aircraft, and proved the need for larger cargo aircraft.

015.2. What air power lessons learned in World War II were further developed in the Korean War?

The air tactics and techniques initiated during that war were developed further in Korea, including the Air Force's first use of jet aircraft, the F-80 Shooting Star; to control air strikes efficiently, the system of tactical air control was developed.

015.3. What was the most significant use of air power during the Vietnam War?  Why?

LINEBACKER II, a very accurate and highly concentrated attck on sanctioned area.  The offensive played a key part in bringing about the North Vietnamese decision to sign the peace agreement on 15 Jan., 1973.

015.4. What was the final analysis of air power from Desert Storm?

Its swiftness, decisiveness and scope brought about the coalition's victory from the wise and appropriate application of air power.  Air power found, fixed, fought, and finished the Iraqi military.

016.1. What significant contribution did the following individuals make to Air Force enlisted heritage?

(1) Corporal Eddie Ward

(2) Corporal Frank S. Scott

(3) Corporal Eugene Bullard

(4) Staff Sergeant Esther M. Blake

(5) Chief Master Sergeant Grace E. Peterson

(1) Corporal Edward Ward - The Aeronautical division of the US Army Signal Corps first enlisted man and one of aviation's earliest pioneers.

(2) Corporal Scott - first enlisted man to lose his life in an air accident.

(3) Corporal Bullard - the first black pilot and fighter pilot.

(4) Ester Blake - the first woman to enlist in the first minute of the first hour of the first day that regular Air Force duty was authorized for women.

(5) Chief Master Sergeant Peterson Grace Peterson - the first woman to be promoted to the highest noncommissioned officer grade.

016.2. What are the duties of each of the following key enlisted positions?

(1) Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force

(2) First Sergeant

(1) Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force - To advise and assist the Chief of Staff and the Secretary of the Air Force in matters concerning enlisted members of the Air Force.  Appropriate matters include morale, welfare, training, pay and allowances, discipline, promotion policies, and more.  Traditionally, the CMSAF has performed a number of other duties:

• Representing the enlisted force at ceremonies and other social functions.
• Accompanying the Chief of Staff on base visits and conducting additional visits on his own.
• Serving as advisor to the Soldiers' and Airman's Home and the CMSAF Selection board.
• Representing the enlisted force on a variety of boards, including Air Force Welfare, Outstanding Airman of the Year boards.
• Serving as a point of contact for other services and civilian organizations on issues that affect the enlisted force.  Furthermore, legistlatures and policy makers at all levels of government often solicit the CMSAF's point of view.

(2) First Sergeant - The first sergeant's duties fall within five general areas:

• Promoting health, morale and welfare.
• Maintaining discipline and standards.
• Preparing and presenting squadron training and information programs.
• Supervising care and upkeep of squadron dormatories.
• Monitoring unit adminstration.

017.1. What does adhering to the standards of dress and appearance promote?

Unity within an organization, pride in oneself and in the organization.

017.2. If we maintain proper wear of the uniform at all times, including in public, how will this influence the public's opinion of the military?

The public will see the military as a well-disciplined organization capable of carrying out its mission, down to the last detail, no matter how trivial.

018.1. What is considered the most important benefit of drill for the military member?

Teamwork development.

018.2. How do ceremonies restore morale and build esprit de corps?

It takes the cooperative effort by all members to reach a common goal requiring a great deal of discipline and practice.

018.3. What are three ways to honor the flag?

Salute it, place it in the position of honer, and never dip it to any person or object.

019.1. What are two elements of military etiquette?

Kindness and respect.

019.2. What is the impact of gossip on the work center?

Gossip can create a barrier to effective communications that inhibits productive work and accomplishment of the mission.

019.3. What is the purpose of the military salute?

Saluting is a significant symbol of the military profession recognized as a mark of a well-trained, disciplined military member.  It serves as a greeting and as an acknowledgment of being a member of the profession of arms.

019.4. Where is the first and second place of honor?

The first place of honor is always on the right and the second place of honor is that of being in front  or "going first".

020.1. Define the aspects of wellness.

The aspects of wellness include exercise, nutrition, managing your weight and stress, not smoking, keeping current on immunizations and physical check-ups.

020.2. What is the purpose of aerobic exercise?

Beneficial changes occur in the heart, lungs, vascular system, and other tissues of the body.  Your body becomes more efficient in moving air into and out of the lungs as your heart's pumping efficiency increases with less effort.  The blood and muscles are better in transporting and utilizing oxygen.

020.3. What benefits do you gain from strength training?

Stronger muscles, greater endurance of movement, improved alignment and muscle balance, an increase in metabolic rate, and a better physique.

020.4. What is the purpose of the warm-up phase?

The warm-up produces a physical state of readiness by gradually increasing the breathing, heart rate, and body temperature to prime the muscles for the upcoming activity.

020.5. Explain the FIT concept.

It stands for Frequency (how many times a week), Intensity (effort of activity based on HR, weight or resistance, ROM), and Time (duration of activity).

020.6. How does dehydration affect your exercise workout?

If you allow yourself to become even slightly dehydrated, the consistency of your blood thickens which causes the heart to work harder to pump thicker blood out to the body.

020.7. What are the six major categories of nutrients?

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water.

020.8. What is the most efficient method to achieve permanent weight loss?

Decrease your calorie intake and increase your calorie output.

020.9. What causes stressful events to become a problem?

Stressful events themselves are not harmful; it is the inability to cope with too much stress that creates problems.

020.10. Explain how stress can be possitive.

It can serve as a motivator or initiator for activity.

020.11. What are the effects of smoking?

Some effects are lung diseases like bronchitis and emphysema, high blood pressure, cancers of the mouth, throat, and bladder, stomach ulcers, and birth defects.

021.1. What factors influence maintaining a healthy lifestyle?

Living and working environments, inherited characteristics, and the medical care you've received.

021.2. What are some of the reponsibilities a military citizen has in maintaining a state of well being?

A military citizen has the responsibility to eat healthy, exercise regularly, get plenty of sleep, abstain from smoking, and have effective methods for managing stress.

021.3. How can you be a wellness roll model?

Your commitment to a high degree of wellness will provide an example for subordinates to follow.  As a supervisor you need to be out in the forefront, leading the way for those you supervise.

021.4. How does effective stress management help us as military citizens?

We're better able to deal with stressful situations by first recognizing them and then managing our time controlling our emotions when the situations occur.

022.1. What are some "common" meanings of ethics?

Ethics is knowing the difference between right and wrong; ethics is what is used to determine what action to pursue; ethics are the standards by which we act; ethics are our values; ethics are our behaviors; ethics are our adopted attitudes and beliefs.

022.2. List examples of the written forms of our military code of ethics.

The Oath of Enlistment, the UCMJ, the Code of Conduct, DOD Regulation 5500.7-R, Joint Ethics Regulation.

022.3. Based on AFI 36-2909's assertions concerning professional relationships, what are some inferences we can make concerning unprofessional relationships?

Unprofessional relationships are deadly to the organization, create distrust, destroy communication, foster disrespect, and distract from the mission.

022.4. How do Fraud, Waste, and Abuse differ from each other?

Fraud is the deliberate attempt to deceive or deprive the Air Force of something of value

E.g.: False travel voucher.  Waste is the extravagant, careless, or needless expenditure of Air Force resources E.g.: not getting the best use out of something, having more of an item on hand than you need; Abuse is the intentional, wrongful, or improper use of Air Force resources e.g.: Using government vehicles for personal transportation.

23.1. Why is "integrity first" first?

Because integrity is essential.  It's the inner voice of self-control and the starting point in everything we do in the Air Force.  Members of the Air Force must know the right things to do and have the fortitude to do them.

023.2. Why is "responsibility and accountability" an important tenet of integrity first?

No person of integrity tries to shift the blame to others (accountability).  A person with integrity does not take credit for the work of others (accountability).  NCOs who hold themselves accountable for their actions gain respect and are better able to influence those around them.  NCOs with integrity are not irresponsible.  They do what is expected of them.  NCOs with integrity acknowledge their duties and act accordingly.

023.3. Why is "faith in the system" an important tenet of service before self?

It's important to believe that the processes and people in place will do the right thing, that justice in the end will prevail, and that others will act responsibly in their actions.  When we lose faith in these systems, we start to adopt a view that our way of doing things is better; we start to undermine these systems for our own personal reasons; and our subordinates may be tempted to follow suit.

023.4. What are some examples of the Air Force "systems" we trust?

The Enlisted Evaluation System, the decoration system, the promotion system, the UCMJ, supervisors aupervising their people properly, the chain of command, and the IG system.

024.1. What are some of the important milestones in the history of the Code of Conduct?

(1) Aftermath of Korean Conflict.

(2) On 18 May 1955, Secretary of Defense Charles E. Wilson appointed a committee to draft a Code of Conduct to be used by military personnel who were captured by communist forces.  Justice Department was studying alleged misconduct cases levied against ex-POWs.  The study was an attempt to determine whether or not those prisoners should be tried for treason.  Some of the cases were eventually brought to trial and convictions handed down.

(3) Executive Order 10631 signed by President Eisenhower in 1955.

(4) Following the Vietnam Conflict, the Department of Defense conducted a review of the Code of Conduct.  After interviewing POWs, the Department of Defense panel determined that training was needed to help prisoners overcome the guilt resulting from "breaking" and giving more than name, rank, service number, and date of birth.

(5) In November 1977, President Carter amended Aricle V.  It now reads, "When questioned, should I become a prisoner of war, I am required to give name, rank, service number, and date of birth."

(6) In March 1988, President Reagan issued Executive Order 12633, amending the Code with language that is gender-neutral.

024.2. Define the term "parole" in the context of prisoner of war?  Why would the enemy employ parole?

Parole is a promise by a prisoner of war to a captor to fulfill certain conditions, such as agreeing not to escape nor fight again once released, in exchange for such favors as relief from physical bondage, improved food and living conditions or repartiation ahead of the sick, injured or longer-held prisoners.  The enemy employs parole to get on our good side to gain military information.  They want to use positive propaganda to undermine the POW organization, communication, and resistance efforts, which are their alterior motives.

024.3. Define the three general types of hostile peacetime detention.

Hostile government detention involves a hostile government (one whose relations with the United States is tense) legally deaining a U.S. citizen/serviceman for violation(s) of its law.  Hostile government-sponsored terrorist detention refers to the detention of U.S. citizens by terrorists who are sponsored by the government of the country in which the U.S. citizens are being held.  Persons held under such circumstances are referred to as hostages, not detainees.  Their capture and continued detention are violations of international law.  Independent terrorist group detention is the detention of U.S. citizen by terrorists who are not sponsored by a hostile government.  The independent terrorist group illegally holds United States citizens.  These individuals normally are held for the purpose of propaganda or to coerce the United States to take some action desired by the terrorists.

024.4. What are the key points of Article IV?

Even while in captivity we are to carry out our responsibilities and exercise our authority.  The senior person, regardless of branch of service, must take command.  Without discipline, camp organization, resistance, even personal survival may be impossible.  Communication breaks down the barriers of isolation that an enemy may attempt to construct.  The guidelines for Article IV of the Code of Conduct pretty much pertain to peacetime internment also.

025.1. What is the purpose of the LOAC?

1. A broad base set of rules defining how war is fought.  The rules are generalized rather than extremely specific, and are designed to apply to any armed conflict.  Their purpose is to prevent unnecessary loss of lives or destruction of property on the battlefield.

2. (1) Civilians, medical personnel, chaplains, POWs and detainees, sick, and wounded are considered noncombatants or people not participating in military operations and activities.

   (2) Individuals parachuting from a burning or disabled aircraft are considered helpless until they reach the ground.  If they use their weapons or do not surrender upon landing, they must be considered combatants.  Paratroopers are jumping from an airplane to fight.  They are targets, and you may fire at them while they are still in the air.

   (3) Don't fire at any medical personnel, air or ground vehicles, buildings, tents or other facitlities used for the care of wounded, sick, and disabled persons.   Do not mark your position or yourself with a medical service emblem unless you have been designated to perform only medical duties.

   (4) You are not permitted to attack villages, towns, or cities.

   (5) Enemy captives and detainees.

   (6) It is illegal to fire on enemy soldiers who have thrown down their weapons and offered to surrender.

   (7) Civilian and private property.

   (8) Make sure civilians are protected from acts of violence, threats, and insults.

   (9) Using poison or poisoned weatpons is against the law of war.

   (10) The law of war does not allow you to alter your weapons to cause unnecessary injury or suffering to the enemy.

   (11) You may not cut off the tip of a bullet or in any way alter its original shape; nor may you use soft-tipped or dum-dum bullets which expand on impact.

   (12) Other examples of restricted weapons are projectiles filled with glass or the use of any substance on a bullet, which would tend to inflame a wound.

3. You are not required to carry out the order; you are required to do what you can to stop the act from occurring and to report it to your chain of command.