Term
| MAJOR DEPRESSIVE ORDER (MDD) |
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Definition
DEPRESSED MOOD AND LOSS OF ENJOYMENT OR INTEREST IN ALMOST EVERYTHING AND
AT LEAST 4 OF THE FOLLOWING FOR AT LEAST TWO WEEKS:
SIGNIFICANT WEIGHT OR APPETITIE CHANGE
INSOMNIA OR HYPERSOMNIA
PSYCHOMOTOR RETARDATION OR AGITATION
FATIGUE OR LOSS OF ENERGY
FEELINGS OF GUILT OR WORTHLESSNESS
REDUCED ABILITY TO THINK OR CONCENTRATE
RECURRENT THOUGHTS OF DEATH OR SUICIDE |
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Term
| FACTOR OF SEVERITY IN MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER |
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Definition
| MILD, MODERATE, SEVERE, IN PARTIAL REMISSION OR IN FULL REMISSION(NO SYMPTOMS FOR 2 MONTHS OR LONGER) |
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Term
| Factor of presence of psychotic features in major depressive disorder |
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Definition
| Mood congruent, mood incongruent or none |
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Term
| Factor of chronicity in MDD |
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Definition
| Persistent depression for at least two years. |
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Term
| Presence of melancholic features in MDD |
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Definition
Depression of biochemical origins suggested by loss of interest, lack of reactivity to pleasurable events and three of the following:
different quality than bereavement
worsening of symptoms in a.m.
awakening at least 2 hours before normal
psychomotor retardation/agitation
weight loss or loss of appetite
unwarranted guilt
flat mood
good response to medication
lack of clear precipitant
absence of personality disorder
has strong genetic link |
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Term
| Presence of atypical features in MDD |
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Definition
Immproves in response to actual or anticipated positive events and has two of following:
weight gain or increase in appetite
sleeping at least 10 hours a day
heavy feelings in arms or legs
prolonged pattern of sensitivity to rejection. |
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Term
| Presence of postpartum onset in MDD |
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Definition
| Begins within 4 weeks of giving birth. can be accompanied by high anxiety, mood lability and increased rate of obsessional thoughts. |
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Term
| Presence of full interepisode recovery in MDD |
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Definition
| Greater likelihood of recurrence and less likelihood of good response to treatment associated with the absence of complete recovery between episodes.This lack can reflect underlying dysthymic disorder |
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Term
| Presence of seasonal pattern in MDD |
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Definition
| Moderate depression beginning at the same time each year for at least two years. |
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Term
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Definition
Psychotherapy and then medication.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal therapy are both good choices |
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Term
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Definition
Presence of chronic depression, mild to moderate in severety, on most days for at least two years. At least two of the following six symptoms are also present:
Poor Appetite or overeating
Insomnia or hypersomnia
low energy or fatigue
Low self esteem
Difficulty in concentrating or decision making
Sense of Hopelessness |
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Term
| Age of onset in Dysthymia |
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Definition
| Most common periods of onset include late adolescence or early adulthood, with 50%having onset before age 21 |
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Term
| Presence of atypical features in Dysthymia |
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Definition
Immproves in response to actual or anticipated positive events and has two of following:
weight gain or increase in appetite
sleeping at least 10 hours a day
heavy feelings in arms or legs
prolonged pattern of sensitivity to rejection |
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Term
| Average length of dysthymic episode |
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Definition
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Term
| Intervention for dysthymia |
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Definition
| Cognitive, Cognitive Behaviora and interpersonal therapy, in combination with the teaching of social skills and such related skills as assertiveness and decision making. Promoting the development of coping skills to address the client's sense of hopelessness and helplessness is also recommended. Schema Therapy, Positive psychology, behavioral marital therapy, education and development are all mentioned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes one manic episode reflecting an extremely elevated mood. May also include episodes of major depression and hypomania. Includes disurbances of mood, cognition and behavior and may include psychotic symptoms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lacks manic eposides, but includes at least one hypomanic epiosode of at least four day's duration and at least one depressive episode and causes considerable distress or impairment in functioning. rarely find psychotic features.(can be confused with histrionic and borderline personality disorders)(90% and most debilitating) |
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Term
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Definition
period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive or irritable mood lasting at least one week. At least three of the following seven symptoms accompany elevated mood:
Grandiosity
reduced need for sleep
increased talkativeness
racing thoughts
distractibility
increased activity
excessive pleasure seeking to a self destructive extent.
Average duration is 2 to 6 weeks. |
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Term
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Definition
Hypomania is similar to mania, but without loss of reality testing without psychosis and without significantly impaired functioning.
Have a minimum duration of four days. |
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Term
| Depression in Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
| People with Bipolar Disorder spend half of lives depressed compared with only 10% in mania or hypomania. often entails less anger and somatizing and more oversleeping and psychomotor retardation. Increased rates of suicide. Can include psychotic features. average duration is 6-9 months. |
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Term
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Definition
| 40% experience mixed episodes. Criteria for major depressive episode and manic episode are met nearly every day for at least one week. |
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Term
| Intervention for Bipolar Disorders |
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Definition
| Medication is first line of treatment. Combo of psychotherapy and medication is most beneficial. Also, Education of family members, communication enhancement therapy, IPT with social rhythm therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy and mania inoculation training. Adjunct therapies are day treatment, group therapy, self help groups, ECT, Vagus Nerve stimulation. |
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Term
| Phases of treatment for Bipolar Dis. |
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Definition
Acute-meets critera for episode and treatment begins.Can require Hx and medication. Providing therapy is difficult
Stabilization-Relapse prevention plan, list preventative measures and create a written plan or contract delineating procedures to follow if relapse occurs.
Maintenance-Maintaining recovery and preventing a relapse from occuring. Adjunct treatment to address family and relationship issues and career and employment related concerns can begin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Entails a period of at least two years, during which a person experiences numerous episodes of hypomania and mild to moderate depression(symptom free periods lasting no longer than 2 months). Have continual mood cycles that are usually briefer and less severe than Bipolar I or II Disorders. Instability and moodiness is assiciated. Can resemble borderline or histrionic personality disorder. |
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Term
| Intervention for Cyclothymia |
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Definition
| Interpersonal and social rythm therapy, family focused therapy and cognitive behavior therapy that incorporates circadian mood regulation are helpful in conjunction with medication. Intervention can include individual therapy,group therapy, family therapy, career counseling and education |
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Term
| The five categories of Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias
Trauma related stress disorder(ptsd and acute distress disorder) |
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Term
| Means to diagnose an anxiety disorder |
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Definition
Beck Anxiety Inventory
Anxiety Disorders interview schedule for the DSM IV
Structured clinical interview for the DSMIV |
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Term
| 8 elements of strategies for Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
Strong therapeutic alliance, Assessment of the manifestations of axiety
Referral for medical eval.
Relaxation skills
analysis of dysfunctional cognitions
Exposure to feared objects
homework
solidifcation of efforts to cope |
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Term
| Common theories used in treatment of Anxiety Disorders |
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Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Acceptance Based Therapies(mindfulness based-acceptance and committment ther and dialectical beh. therapy.)
Group Therapy(not OCD)
Family Therapy |
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Term
| Panic Disorder Definition |
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Definition
| At least two unexpected panic attacks, neither of which can be explained by medical conditions or substance use, with or more followed by at least a month of persistent fear of another attack, worry about the implications of the attack and/or behavioral change in responce to the attack. |
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Term
| Two subtypes of panic disorder |
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Definition
| panic disorder without agoraphobia and panic disorder with agoraphobia |
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Term
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Definition
At least 4:
sweating, nausea, trembling, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, difficulty in breathing.
Between 2 to 30 min long |
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Term
| Three types of panic attacks |
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Definition
Unexpected or uncued
Situationally bound or cued attacks
Situationally predisposed attacks |
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Term
| Assessment of Panic attacks |
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Definition
| Comprehensive multimodal approach-including a clinical interview, behavioral assessment, self report and medical evaluation.(panic diaries, self report scales and daily records.) Fear and avoidance hierarchy |
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Term
| Intervention Strategies for Panic Disorders |
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Definition
| Cognitive Therapy and/or Behavioral Therapy, Family and Group Therapy and medication(only if psychotherapy is not effective) |
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Term
| Behavioral Techniques used for Panic Disorder |
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Definition
| Distraction, comforting rituals, meditation and relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder which must begin within 3 months of a precipitating event, but can only last for up to six months after the termination of the stressor. Reaction to the stressor is what determines if a person has an adjustment disorder. A strong negative psychological response to a stressor. |
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Term
| 6 different kinds of adjustment disorders |
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Definition
With depressed mood
With anxiety
With mixed anxiety and depressed mood
With distrubance of conduct(youth)
With mixed disturbance of emotions and conduct (youth)
Unspecified |
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Term
| Assessment of Adjustment Disorders |
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Definition
No specific assessment tools exist. .
Can use the Standard Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID)
Instruments designed to assess stress, anxiety or depression
Checklists
MBTI or LIfestyle Assesment questionnaire can help understand why having difficulty with certain situations and resources to use. |
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Term
| General Intervention for Adjustment Disorders |
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Definition
1. Clarifying and promoting understanding of problem
2. Identifying/reinforcing/teaching clients strengths/coping skills.
3. Collaborating with client to develop plan of action to mobilize/ empower client
4. Provide information/support to promote affective/cognitive/behavioral improvement
5. Termination/referrals/follow up. |
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Term
| Specific Techniques of intervention |
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Definition
Depressive-Cognitive and interpersonal therapy
Anxiety-relaxation techniques
Conduct-Behavior Therapy
Self harming-Dialectical Behavior Ther. |
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Term
| Difference between condition and adjustment disorder |
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Definition
Adjustment Disorder-Noticeable impairment and/or marked distress beyond what would be expected in reaction to stressor
Condition:Normal or expectable reactions to life events.Also called a situational or phase of life problem. |
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Term
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Definition
PRoblem solving techniques to reduce/remove stressor
Cognitively reframe when stressor can't be removed
Alter response to stressor through mindfulness based techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two ingredients:a persistent unwarranted, and disproportionate fear of an actual or anticipated environmental stimulus and a dysfunctional way of coping with that fear, with resulting impairment in social or occupational functioning. Triggers can be identified and anticipatory anxiety accompanies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assessment instruments specific to particular phobias (dogs, spiders etc..), interview questionnaires, and self reports: |
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Term
| Exposure based Intervention for phobias |
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Definition
Exposure based interventions:
Development of anxiety hierarchies; imaginal or in vivo syst. desensit.;
Cognitive restructuring; Encouragement of expressions of feeling, sense of respons. and self confidence; family related issues |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally part of panic disorder.anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available in the event of having an unexpected situational panic attack. |
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Term
| Assessment of agoraphobia |
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Definition
| Beck Anxiety Inventory and specific agoraphia Inventories. Should assess risk of suicide. |
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Term
| Intervention Strategies for agoraphobia |
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Definition
panic control therapy (pct); Acceptance and Committment Therapy; Sensation focused internsive treatment
If not part of a panic disorder-cognitive behavioral therapy. Adjunct-family and group therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
5 types:Animal (mostcommon in children), Natural Env.,
Blood-injection-injury (most common in children), situational(slying, bridges etc..)(most common in adults), Other. |
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Term
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Definition
(specific phobias are most treatable)
Exposure based treatment-anxiety hierarchy and then imaginal or invivo desensitization.Encouragement to develop a sense of mastery. Cognitive strategies can be integrated such as cognitive restructuring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked fear of one or more social situations (i.e.public speaking, eating in public etc.) in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar situation or to possible scrutiny by others. |
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Term
| Assessment of social phobias |
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Definition
| Behavioral assessment tests, interview rated scales and self report scales.Journals, logs and other self monitoring forms. Should assessed for other anxiety disorders, depression and substance related disorders. |
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Term
| Intervention for social phobias |
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Definition
| Cognitive and behavioral interventions. Cognitive therapy with exposure is most recommended. Self monitoring through role play, videotaping, self rating and ratings by others and homework. Relaxation techniques such as visualization and progressive muscle relaxation. Cognitive beh. group therapy is also beneficial. |
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Term
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Definition
| aimed at reducing fear and at improving socializations and social skills. |
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Term
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| Obsessions(recurrent intrusive thoughts) or compulsions (repetitive, driven behaviors designed to reduce anxiety) or a combo of the tow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical Interview , self report and behavioral assessment instruments |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure and response prevention therapy. Must obtain a clear idea as to nature, frequencey and severity of the obsessions, compulsions and anxiety. Cognitive therapy and ACT are also beneficial. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Assessment for specific phobias |
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Definition
| Specific assessments that measure phobic reactions such as spider questionnaire and snake questionnaire |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure involving prolonged contact with feared objects or situations. A fear hierarcy is made and each listed stimulie is rated on a scale of 1-100. In vivo is preferable.Virtual reality techniques can be used. Cognitive strategies such as cognitive restructuring can be integrated with exposure thearpy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar situations. |
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Term
| Assessment of social phobia |
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Definition
| Behavioral assessment tests, interview rated scales and self report scales such as the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale. Journals,logs and other self monitoring forms can also be used to assess symptoms and monitor progress. Should be assessed for other anxiety disorders. |
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Term
| Intervention in social phobia |
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Definition
| Aimed at reducing fear and improving socialization skills. Cognitive interventions are integrated with behavioral therapy. Self monitoring such as using role playing, rehearsal with videotaping and ratings by others. Homework is used as is social skils training and relaxation techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| Have obsessions and compulsions which are distressing and interfere with daily activities and soical and occupational functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clinical Interveiw, self report and behavioral assessment instruments. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exposure and response prevention therapy. Must obtain a clear idea of the nature, frequency and severity of the obsessions, compulsions and anxiety. written diary of these experiences is helpful.Cognitive and Acceptance and committment therapy can also be used. |
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Term
| PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| Great fear and helplessnes in response to the traumatic event. Persistent reexperiencing of the event. Loss of general responsiveness and at least three indications of avoiding reminders of the trauma. At lease two persistent symptoms of arousal and anxiety. |
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Term
| Differences between PTSD and Acute Stress Disorder |
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Definition
time of onset and duration are primary differences.
Acute stress disorder begins within 4 weeks of exposure to stressor and lasts at least 2 days but less than 4 weeks. It sometimes develops into PTSD.
Symptoms of PTSD persist for more than 1 month. |
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Term
| Assessment of veterans and PTSD |
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Definition
| Adequate assessment of depression, panic , substance abuse and sucidal ideation must be made. |
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Term
| General Assessment of PTSD and ASD |
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Definition
| Must ensure client is in safe environment. If suicidal/homicidal or with significant depressive symptoms, should be referred for Hx. Goal of assessment is to measure ptsd symptoms and measure the client's current level of functioning and support, coping skills, cognitive stype and strengths and resilience. |
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Term
| Intervention for PTSD and ASD |
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Definition
| Promote accessing and processing of trauma, expression of feelings, increased coping with and control over memories, reduction of cognitive distortions and self blame, and restoration of self concept and previous level of functioning. interventions: prolonged exposure therapy, Cognitive processing therapy, Anxiety management training, EMDR and Stress Inoculation Training. Group and Family therapy, too. |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| Excessive anxiety and worry about at least two life circumstances for most days during a period of at least 6 months. Worry is difficult to control, causes appreciable distress and is accompanied by at least 3 other physiological symptoms. Focus of attention can shift from the negative event to a self evaluative focus that creates a negative feeback loop. |
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Term
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Definition
Intake should gather data about:
Relevant cognitions, Somatic and physiological complaints, relevant behaviors, severity and generalizability of the disorder, antecedents and precipitants, consquences for relationships and for responses from others, family and indiv. history of emotional disorders, previous attempts to manage anxiety and overal lifestyle. Beck Anxiety inventory and penn state worry questionnaire and anxiety dosorders interview schedule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive Behavioral therapy is most frequently used. Also affective therapy and ACT. Target excessive uncontrolable worry and the persistent overarousal that accompanies it. treatment methods are cognitive restructuring, relaxation techniques, training in anxiety management,stress management, exposure techniques and problem solving skills. |
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