Extrinsic Rewards

 *Simple model motivation

 A reward givenby another person.

Motivation

The arousal, direction, and persistence fo behavior.

Empowerment

The deligation of power or authority to subordinates.

1) Emp. recieve info about company performance

2) Emp. have knowledge to contribute to company info

3) Emp. have power to make decisions

4) Emp. are rewarded based on company performance.

Frustration - regression principle

The idea that faulure to meet a high-order need may cause a repression to an already satisfied lower order need.

Giveing meaning to work

(Are responsible for decision process )

             !                         o

 Degree  !                    o

    of      !                o

  Emp.    !           o

             !       o (little or no decision)

Expectancy Theory

A process theory that proposes that motivation depends on individuals expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.

E->P: expectany that putting efort into a given task will lead to high performance.

P->O: Expectany that successful performance of a task wil lead to the desired outcome.

Job design for motivation

Job Simplification - reduce # of tasks

Job Rotation - changes task but not complexity.

Job Enlargement - combine tasks to one broader job.

Job Enrichment: adds high level motivators into work.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous reinforcement - every occurance is rewarded.

Partial reinforcement-

1) Fixed internal (pay every week)

2) Fixed ratio (every 100 sales)

3) variable interval (random)

4) variable ratio (random)

Motivational Reinforcement Tools

- Positive Reinforcement

- Avoidance Learning

-> Punishment - unpleasant outcome

-> Extinction - withdrawl of positive reward

Motivation Reinforcement Tools

Behavior modification: reinforce used to modify human behavior

Law of effect: + reinforcement good 

                     - reinforcement bad

Reinforcement: anything that causes a behavior to be repeated or inhibited.

Job Characteristics Model

Core Job Dimensions -> Job's motivational potential

1) skill variety

2) task identity

3) task significance

4) antonomy

5) feedback

Existence needs

Intrinsic Rewards

 * Simple Model Motivators

Intrinsic - The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action.

Critical Psychological States

*Job Characteristics Model

Core job dimensions are more rewarding then individual experience.

Personal & Work Outcomes

*Job characteristics Model

Impact of the 5 core job dimensions on the psychological state.

Relatedness needs

*ERG Theory

These pertain to the need for satisfactory relationships with others.

Growth needs

*ERG Theory

These focus on the development of human potential and the desire for personal growth and inceased competence.

ERG Theory

modification of the needs heirarchy theory.

1) Existence needs

2) Relatedness needs

3) Growth needs

Equity

Situation that exists when the ratio of a person's output to input is equal to another's.

 To equalize people:

1) change input

2) change output

3) distort perception

4) leave the job

Process Theory

A group of theories that explain how employees select behaviors with which to meet their needs and determine whether heir choices were successful.

- Equity theory

- Expectancy theory

Equity theory

 *A process theory

Focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.

Acquired needs theory

Behavior is learned through lifetime

Top 3:

1) need for achievement - success

2) need for affiliation - personal bonds

3) need for power - authority over others

Two-Factor Theory

hygene factor - involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, including working conditions, pay, co policy.

Motivators - influence job satisfaction based on fullfullment of higher level needs, achievement, recnition, responsibility, oppertnity for growth.

Hierarchy of needs theory

*Maslow's

A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five catagories of needs.  

1) physiology

2) safety

3) belongingness

4) esteem

5) self-actualization

Liquidity

Organization's ability to meet its current debt obligations

current assets

----------------------

current liabilities