Term
| State normal levels for ACID-BASE balance |
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Definition
pH: 7.35-7.45
PaCO2: 35-45
HCO3-: 22-26 |
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Term
| How do you determine the type of ACID-BASE imbalance? |
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Definition
Step 1: look at pH for Acidosis or Alkalosis
Step 2: Look at PaCO2 and HCO3- ranges to determine if its a respiratory or metabolic problem
Step 3: Evaluate PaO2 and SaO2 if below normal then the client is hypoxic
Step 4: Determine Compensation
---------1. uncompensated: pH is abnormal and CO2 OR HCO3- is abnormal
---------2. Partially Compensated: pH, HCO3-, and PaCO2 are abnormal
---------3. Fully Compensated:the pH will be normal but PaCO2 and HCO3- will both be abnormal. (the way pH is leaning will give a clue to whether it was an acidosis or alkalosis problem) |
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Term
| Causes of Respiratory Acidosis |
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Definition
HYPOVENTALATION
-resp depression from: poisons, anesthetics, trauma, neurological diseases (myasthenia gravis and Guillain-Barre)
-inadequate chest expansion d/t muscle weakness, pneumothorax/hemothorax, flail chest, obesity, tumors or deformities
-airway obstruction that occurs in laryngospasm, asthma, some cancers
-Alveolar-capillary blockage secondary to a pulmonary embolus, thrombus, cancer, or pulmonary edema
-inadequate mechanical ventilation
ANYTHING THAT CAUSE CO2 to STAY in and H+ to go up |
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Term
| S/Sx of Respiratory ACidosis |
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Definition
-Vital Signs: tachycardia, bradycardia if acidosis is severe, tachypnea
-Dysrhythmias
-NEurological: Anxiety, irritability, confusion, coma
-Respiratory: Ineffective, shallow, rapid breathing
-Skin: Pale or cyanotic |
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Term
| Causes of Respiratory Alkalosis |
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Definition
-HYPERVENTILATION d/t fear, anxiety, intracerebral trauma, salicylate toxicity, or excessive mechanical ventilation
-Hypoxemia from asphyxiation, high altitudes, shock , or early-stage asthma or pneumonia
ANYTHING THAT RESULTS IN LOSS OF CO2 AND DECREASED H+ IONS
- |
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Term
| S/Sx of Respiratory Alkalosis |
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Definition
-Vital Signs: Tachypnea
-Neurological: Anxiety, tetany, convulsions, tingling, numbness
CV: Palpitations, chest pain, dysrhthmias
Respiratory: Rapid, deep respirations |
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Term
| Metabolic Acidosis Causes |
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Definition
Excess production of H+ ions:
-DKA
-Lactic Acid
-Starvation
-Heavy Exercize
-Seizure Activity
-Fever
-Hypoxia
-Intoxication with ethanol or salicylates
-Inadequate elimination of H+ ions
-Renal failure
-Inadequate production of bicarbonate
-Renal failure
-Pancreatitis
-Liver Failure
-Dehydration
-Excess elimination of bicarbonate
-Diarrhea, ileostomy
-ANYTHING THAT RESULTS IN DECREASE HCO3- or INCREASED H+ ION |
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Term
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Definition
Vital Signs: Bradycardia, weak peripheral pulses, hypotension, tachypnea
Dysrhythmias
-Neurological: Muscle weakness, hyporeflexia, flaccid paralysis, fatigue, confusion
Respiratory: rapid, deep respirations (kussmal respirations)
Skin: Warm, dry, and flushed |
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Term
| Metabollic Alkalosis Causes |
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Definition
BASE EXCESS
-oral ingestion of bases (ie antacids)
-venous administration of bases (blood transfusions, TPN, or sodium bicarbonate)
ACID DEFICIT
-loss of gastric secretions (prolonged vomitting, NG suction)
-K+ depletion d/t thiazide diuretics, laxative abuse, Cushing's syndrome)
ANYTHING THAT RESULTS IN INCREASED HCO3- and DECREASED H+ IONS |
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Term
| S/Sx Metabollic Alkalosis |
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Definition
VITAL SIGNS: tachycardia, normotensive OR hypotensive
Dysrhthmias
NEurological: Numbness, tingling, tetany, muscle weakness, hyperreflexia, confusion, confulsion
Respiratory: depressed skeletal muscles resulting in ineffective breathing |
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