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| defined as visually evaluated radiant energy. Visible light is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths that range from about 400 nanometers for violet light to about 700 nanometers for red light. |
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| the unit of luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle. In the SI (metric) system of measurement, this unit is the candela. |
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| is the unit of luminous flus equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform point source of one candlepower. |
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| is the density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area. |
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| is the solid angular flux density in a given direction measured in candlepower or candelas. |
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| important considerations, are glare, constrast, uniformity, and color. |
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| direct and reflected. Direct glare results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task. Reflected glare occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewing task, it is also called veiling reflection. |
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| can be solved by using a luminaire out of the offending field of view. |
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| can be corrected by moving the position of the task or the light source. |
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| is the difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points. |
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| should be limited to 3:1 between the tak and immediate surroundings, 5"1 between the task and nearby general surroundings, and 10:1 between the task and more remote surroundings. |
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| incandescent, flourescent, and high intensity discharge. |
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| is the ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total pwer input of the source and is measured in lumens per watt. |
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| consists of a tungsten filament placed within a sealed bulb containing an inert gas. When electricity is passed through the lamp, the filament grows, producing light. Inexpensive, compact, easy to dim, can be repeatedly started without a decrease in lamp life, and have a warm color rendition. Types-R, ER, PAR, MR16. Disadvantagesare low efficacy, |
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| another class of incandescents, these lamps operate at a lower voltage than 120 volts, usually 12 volts. However, operate at a higher current (amperage) so their filaments have to be thicker to carry the added current. More compact, resulting in smaller lamps and lamps with better beam control. |
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| contain a mixture of an inert gas and low-pressure mercury vapor. When the lamp is energized, a mercury arc is formed that creates ultraviolet light. This invisible light, in turn strikes the phospher-coated bulb, causing it to fluoresce and produce visible light. 3 types of fluorescent lamps are preheat, rapid start, and instant start, according to their circuitry. Tubular shapes, and size is designated in eighths of an inch (T8=1" in diameter) |
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| consist of T4 or T5 tubes bent in a u-shape with the pins in one end of the lamp. Provide energy savings, and much longer life (10,000 hours). |
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| (HID) lamps produce light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapor under high pressure, include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high pressure sodium. Provide advantages, but all require time to restart after being shut off or in case of power failure. |
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| provide all light output on the task. Recessed fluorescent luminaire is an example of direct lighting. |
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| put a majority of the light down and a small percentage toward the ceiling. Fixtures need to be surface mounted or suspended. |
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| distribute light up and down about equally |
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| direct all the light toward a reflective ceiling, where the light illuminates the room by reflection. |
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| a common commercial lighting system. This system provides a general background illumination level with separate light fixtures used at individual workstations or wherever it is needed. Done with desk lamps or directed spotlights, or by locating more fixtures near the tasks requiring more illumination. Energy efficient, and creat more pleasant work environments. |
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| are among the most commonly used types for residential and some commercial interior design. The luminaire is directly attached to the finished surface of the ceiling, directing all or a majority of the light into the space. |
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| widely used in residential and commerical installations Recessed incandescents can be general downlights for overall illumination or wallwashers, which direct light in one direction only, continuous narrow strips of fluorescent luminaires can also be recessed next to a wall to wash the wall uniformly with light. |
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| Luminaires dropped below the level of the ceiling. Can include direct incandescent or fluorescent fixtures, track lighting, indirect systems, chandeliers. Suspending mounting is required for indirect lighting systems. |
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| can provide indirect, direct-indirect, or direct lighting. |
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| Furniture mounted fixtures |
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| common with task ambient systems |
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| floor lamps most common, freestanding lights that direct most of their output to the ceiling are called torcheres. |
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| includes table lights, reading lamps, and fixtures that are intended for stricly decorative lighting rather than for task ambient lighting. |
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| often used to describe the degree of whiteness of fluorescent lamps and other sources, or incandescent sources can have a color temperature designation. As the temperature increases the light becomes more blue and white. |
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| Color rendering index (CRI) |
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| is a measure of how well one source renders the color of an object when compared with the same object lighted with a reference source of similar chromaticity whose CRI is 100. |
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| using a lamp with a high complement of blue and violet will make..... |
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| finishes and furniture with the warmer colors of red appear dull, gray, and washed out. Where color appearance is important, finishes and materials should be selected under the same lighting used in the finished space. |
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| First step to deterimine function of the space and visual task to be performed.... |
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| is determining the light levels needed (footcandle level), whether the space will be single or multiple use, and any special conditions that might dictage a particular kind of lighting solution. |
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| enhance the character and funtion of the space. The character of a space includes not only the lighting level but also the types and styles of luminaires selected. Additional considerations include the degree of uniformity of lighting, of lighting, light control, fixed lighting versus portable lamps, and the visibility of the light sources. |
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| technical drawing located in the same orientation as the floor plan and drawn at the same scale. In addition to showing the construction of the ceiling and the location of air diffusers, smoke detectors, and other objects in the ceiling, it shows the location of all the built-in lighting. For residential construction and some commercial construction, the switching may also by indicated. |
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| the interior designer should decide how theh lights in a space will be switched. This decision is based on the fuction of the lighting, how much individual control is required, where the switches would be best located, energy conservation needs, and the maximum electrical load requirements on any one circuit. |
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| is used to supplement or replace artificial lighting during certain times. |
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| is a vertically glazed area placed between two different roof levels to admit light |
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| In the even of a power failure.... |
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| sufficient lighting must be available to safely evacuate building occupants. Emergency lighting is required in exit stairs and corridors as well in certain occupancies such as places, of assembly, educational facilities, hazardous locations, and other places where occupancy loads exceed a given number. |
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| The usual minimum lighitng level required.... |
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| is 1 footcandle at the floor level. Illuminated exit signs are also required in many situations. There must be an exit sign at each exit door, each door leading to an exitway, and directional exit signs at corridor intersections or where a corridor changes direction so that it is always evident to the occupants where the exits are. |
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