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| Fibers are clasified into the two following categories: |
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| natural are then divided into |
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| cotton, and linen, come from plants, while protein fibers such as wool are manufactured from animal sources |
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| know for its resilience. important for drapery and upholstery due to smooth appearance. also has excelent elasticity and wears well. resistent to soiling and is self-extinguishing |
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celluosic. inexpensive, good tensile strength, moderately good abrasion resistance.
poor: poor resilience and recovery, degrades under prolonged sun. burns readily and subject to mildew. |
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from flax plant
bast fiber, which means its derived from the stalk of a plant. lacks resilience and flexibility and is susceptible to abrasion. does not take printed dyes well.
most linen is tow linen: made of short staple fibers. these fibers are dimensionally stable and resistent to fading, making linen usable for draperies and wall coverings. |
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| very strong; good resilience and flexibility. expensive and degrades in sun |
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| regenerated cellulosic fiber. low in cost, but is flammable and does not wear well. poor sunlight resistence |
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| exceptionally strong with high resilience and elasticity. resistent to many chemicals,water, and microorganisms. often combined with other synthetic or natural fibers to obtain superior advantages of both. |
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| often used as replacement for wool because of its appearance. moderately good strength and resilience. very resistant to sun. but can be flammable. |
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| inexpensive and highly resistant to chemicals, mildew, and microorganisms. highly resilient and nonabsorbant. useful for carpet and backing, but its low resistance to sun, heat and flame make it undesirable for most upholstery. |
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| good resilience and elasticity, high reistance to solvents and other chemicals, good resistance to sun. tends to hold oily materials. |
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| includes resistance to abrasion, fading, staining, and other mechanical abuses. resistance to abrasion is most important. |
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| fabric's ability to retain its shape and fit over cushioniny without saggin, wrinkling, stretching, or tearing. |
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Term
| fabric is attached to a cushion by: |
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Definition
buttoning: secures the fabric to the cushion with a lightly tensioned button and thread.
tufting: similar except the button is pulled tightly against the cushion, resulting in a deeply folded surface.
channeling: secures fabric to the cushion in parallel rows. |
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Term
| common materials for cushioning |
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Definition
| cotton batting, polyester batting, polyurethane foam, latex foam, rubberized fibers, and shredded fibers. |
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Term
| untreated cellulosic plastic cushioning |
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Definition
| presents a particularly high fire hazard. include the following: polyurethane, polystyrene, polyethylene, polypropylene, pvc, and abs, celluose acetate, epoxy, phenolic, urea, silicone, and foamed latex. |
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Term
| in order of most resistant to cigarette ignition and small flame to the least |
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Definition
1. neoprene, and combustion modified polyurethane
2. polyester batting
3. smolder-resistant and flame-resistant polyurethane foam
4. smolder resistant and flame resistant cellulosic batting
5. mixed fiber batting
6. untreated polyurethane foam
7. cellulosic batting
8. latex foam |
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Definition
| fabric-covered cord sewn into the seam of upholstery for ornamental purposes or to improve the durability of the covering. |
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| application of fabric to furniture so that there are no intermediate seam details. also used when vertical stripes on the fabric must run horizontally. |
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Definition
| application of fabric to furniture so that there are no intermediate seam details. also used when vertical stripes on the fabric must run horizontally. |
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Term
| upholstery can be enhanced in two additional ways |
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Definition
chemical treatment
liners can be placed between fabric and cushion to provide a barrier that slows or inhibits the spread of heat and flame. |
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Term
| three performance criteria for cushioning |
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Definition
1.density: mass per unit. the greater the density, the greater the support.
2. indentation load deflection (ILD) also the IFD. metal plate 8 inches in dia. is pushed against sample foam. number of pounds required to compress the foam down 1 inch is the ILD rating. higher ILD rating equals a firmer foam.
3. support ratio: ratio of the force required to compress a foam sample to 65 percent of its original thickness. the higher the support factor, the better the foam's ability to support weight. |
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Term
| high support (firm seating) |
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Definition
2.25 to 4.0
moderate cushioning support ratio: 2.0-2.5
soft: below 2.0 (backs of chairs and booths). |
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Term
| vertical ignition test: NFPA 701 |
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Definition
defines test procedures used to assess propagation of flame beyond teh area exposed to an ignition source.
Test 1: assessing response of fabrics lighter than 21 oz./sq yd individually and in mulitlayer composites
Test 2: fabrics weighing more than 21 oz/sq yd, such as fabric blackout linings, awnings, tents, and similar architectural fabric structures and banners.
appropriate for testing materials exposed to air on both sides.
equivalent is UL214 |
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Term
| Cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components: NFPA 260 |
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Definition
tests the resistance of upholstered furniture components, separately to flame and cigarette ignition.
Also CALTB 133. tests individual components (fabrics and fillings |
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Term
| cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites: NFPA 261 |
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Definition
tests the resistance of a seat cushion mock-up (including foam, liner, and fabric), to a lighted cigarette
includes vertical and horizontal surfaces meeting at a 90 degree angle. cushion fails the test if it breaks into flames or if a char of more than 2 inches long develops. |
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Term
| full seating test: Standard method of test for fire characteristics of upholstered furniture exposed to flaming ignition source. NFPA 266 |
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Definition
evaluates teh effect of an open flame on an actual sample chair.
several measurements are made, including the heat and smoke realeased, total amount of heat and smoke, concentration of carbon oxides, and others. most important being teh rate of heat release. |
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| material remaining from incomplete combustion |
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| property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it. |
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| capable of burning with a flame and subject to easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion |
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| ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it. |
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| adjective it should only be used as a modifier with defined compound terms such as flame-retardant treatment. should not be used as nouns unless its decribing a chemical used for that purpose |
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| combustion without flame that may burn for a relatively long time while generating smoke, toxic gases, and heat |
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Definition
wyzenbeek: sample of fabric is rubbed back and forth witha cloth-covered or wire-screen-covered roller several thousand times in both directions.
taber test: involves mounting sample fabric on a platform and exposing it to the revolving action of two abrasive wheels. |
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Term
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Definition
| measures fading: exposes fabric to ultraviolet light at specifc humidity levels. tests the color loss at intervals of 20 hours. most exposure is an 80 hour rating. |
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Term
| What fabric would have the best appearance for the longest time when used in theater seating |
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Definition
1. vinyl
2. wool/nylon blend
3. acrylic/acetate blend
4. cotton/rayon blend
4. cotton/rayon blend |
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Term
| what type of cushioning would be best for a hospital waiting room? |
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Definition
1. high-density foam
2. cotton batting
3. combustion modified foam with a low ILD
4. low-density polyurethane
1. high density foam |
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Term
| in what area of imporance should tables for a college library be selected |
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Definition
1. flammability, design, comfort
2. finish, flammability, then design
3. durability, cost, then design
4. quality, comfort, finish
3. durability, cost, then design |
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Term
| what performance tests should be specified for a custom-blended fabric to be used in a rec center reception area? |
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Definition
1. flammability and fade-ometer
2. wyezenbeek and fading
3. taber and wyzenbeek
4. indentation load deflection and taber
2. wyzenbeek and fading |
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Term
| how can you change a drapery treatment to minimize its hazard during a fire? |
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Definition
1. shorten the length of the fabric
2. use an open-weave fabric
3. increase the amount of fabric
4. use a composite fabric
1. shorten the length of the fabric. |
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Term
| NFPA 701 relates to which of the following items? |
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Definition
1. wallcoverings
2. fabrics
3. draperies
4. floor coverings
3, draperies |
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Term
| what does fire-retardant treated fabric mean? |
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Definition
1. it resists ignition
2. it will not burn
3. it contributes to smoke inhibition
4. it has a lower flame spread
2. it will not burn |
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