Term
|
Definition
| a wide range of concerns, such as environmental impact of an interior design project, wise use of materials, energy conservation, use of alternative energy sources, adaptive reuse, indoor air quality, recycling, reuse, & other stategies to achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources & the renewal of those resources |
|
|
Term
| what does sustainable design consider? |
|
Definition
| the full life cycle of a building & the materials that comprise the building. The impact of raw material, extraction through its fabrication, installation, operation, maintenance, & disposal |
|
|
Term
| Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) Green Building Rating System: |
|
Definition
| A national, consensus-based building rating system designed to accelerate the development & implementation of green building practices |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Green Building Council - a national coalition of leaders from all aspects of building industry working to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible & profitable & that provide healthy places to live & work |
|
|
Term
| What does the full LEED program offer? |
|
Definition
| training workshops, professional accreditation, resource support, & 3rd party certification of building performance |
|
|
Term
| How can a building be LEED certified? |
|
Definition
| Certain prerequisites must be achieved and enough points must be earned to meet or exceed the program's technical requirements |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 possible certification levels that LEED points add up to for a final score? |
|
Definition
| Certified, silver, gold, & platinum |
|
|
Term
| What are the different rating systems for different building types? |
|
Definition
| Construction, commercial interiors, new construction, existing buildings, core & shell development, homes, & neighborhood development |
|
|
Term
| What is Canada's green building rating system? |
|
Definition
| They have a version of LEED |
|
|
Term
| What building products can receive a SCS certification? |
|
Definition
| carpet, nonwoven flooring, composite panel products, adhesives & sealants, furniture, paints, & other wall coverings |
|
|
Term
| The Building Research Establishment: |
|
Definition
| A British organization that provides research based consultancy, testing, & certification services covering all aspects of the built environment & associated industries |
|
|
Term
| BRE Environmental Assesment Method: |
|
Definition
| A method of reviewing & improving the environmental performances of buildings. Methods to review offices, industrial buildings, retail buildings, & homes |
|
|
Term
| What does The BRE Environmental Assment Method evaluate? |
|
Definition
| the performance of buildings in the areas of management, energy use, health & well being, pollution, transportation, land use, ecology, materials, & water use |
|
|
Term
| How are buildings measured by BREEAM? |
|
Definition
| credits are awarded in each area & added to produce a total score. The building then given a rating of pass, good, very good, or excellent & awarded a certificate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an independent, non profit org that strives to achieve a more sustainable world by promoting environmentally responsible production, purchasing, & products |
|
|
Term
| What does the Green Seal develop? |
|
Definition
| environmental standards for products in specific categories & certifies products that meet these standards |
|
|
Term
| How are Green Seal's product evaluations conducted? |
|
Definition
| using a life-cycle approach considering energy; resource use; emissions to air, water, & land; & health impacts of the product |
|
|
Term
| What is the Green Seal awarded to? |
|
Definition
| products that have less impact on the environment & also work well |
|
|
Term
| Greengaurd Environmental Institute: |
|
Definition
| A nonprofit, industry-independent org that oversees the Greenguard Certification program |
|
|
Term
| What does the Greengaurd Certification Program test? |
|
Definition
| indoor products for emissions to ensure that they meet acceptable indoor air quality pollutant guidelines & standards |
|
|
Term
| What does Greengaurd test a product for? |
|
Definition
| total volitile organic compounds, formaldehyde, total aldehydes, respirable particles, carbono monoxide, nitrogen oxide, & carbon dioxide emissions |
|
|
Term
| How can you know if a product meets the Greenguard standard? |
|
Definition
| it is added to the Greenguard Registry |
|
|
Term
| What types of products are included in the Greenguard Registry? |
|
Definition
| building materials, furnishings, furniture, cleaning & maintenance products, electronic equipment, & personal care products |
|
|
Term
| Scientific Certification Systems: |
|
Definition
| A private org established to advance both public & private sectors toward more environmentally sustainable policies |
|
|
Term
| Environmental Claims Certification program: |
|
Definition
| Under the Scientific Certification Systems. Certifies specific product attributes such as biodegradability & recycled content. Also certifies environmentally preferable products |
|
|
Term
| Environmentally Preferable Products: |
|
Definition
| Products that have a reduced environmental impact when compared to similar products performing the same function |
|
|
Term
| International Standards Organization: |
|
Definition
| A nongovernmental organization comprised of national standards bodies from over 120 countries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A collection of standards & guidelines that cover issues such as performance, product standards, labeling, environmental management, & life-cycle assessment as they relate to the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes a set of principles that must be followed by any practitioner of environmental labeling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers labeling programs & specifies the procedures & principles that 3rd party certifiers, or ecolabelers, must follow |
|
|
Term
| What do ISO 14024 requirements include? |
|
Definition
| than an organization conduct scientific evaluations using internationally accepted methodologies, use a life-cycle approach when evaluation products, & not have any financial interest in the products it certifies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of standards covers requirements for life-cycle assesments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides the methodology to evaluate the environmental impact of a particular material or product in a building |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 phases to Life-cycle Assessment? |
|
Definition
| 1) Determine the purpose & goals of doing the study 2)Inventory Analysis 3 ) Impact assessment phase 4) Improvement analysis |
|
|
Term
| Why must limits of the Life Cycle Analysis study & the units for the study be established? |
|
Definition
| so alternatives can be compared & framework for data acquisition can be developed |
|
|
Term
| Why is inventory analysis (of LCA)often the most difficult part? |
|
Definition
| because it involves determining & quantifying all of the inputs & outputs of the product under study |
|
|
Term
| What are Inputs & outputs of a product under LCA study? |
|
Definition
| energy required to obtain raw materials & to process or manufacture them, the energy of transportation, the need for ancillary materials, & the pollution or waste disposal involved in the manufacturing use, & disposal processes. * Ability to recycle material again is also considered |
|
|
Term
| What does the impact assessment phase (LCA) attempt to characterize? |
|
Definition
| The effects of the processes found in the inventory analysis in terms of their impacts on the environment |
|
|
Term
| What are important analysis found in impact assesment phase (LCA) |
|
Definition
| resource depletion, generation of pollution, health impacts, or effects on social welfare |
|
|
Term
| What does the improvement analysis phase provide (LCA)? |
|
Definition
| suggestions on how to reduce the environmental impact of all the raw materials, energy, & processing required for the product or construction activity |
|
|
Term
| 4 main stages of a product's life cycle: |
|
Definition
| 1)raw material acquisition 2) Manufacturing 3) Use & Maintenance 4)Disposal |
|
|
Term
| Raw-Material Acquisition stage (LCA): |
|
Definition
| Acquisition of raw materials, & energy from mining, drilling , or other activities. Processing of raw materials. Transportatin of raw materials to processing points |
|
|
Term
| Manufacturing phase (LCA): |
|
Definition
| Conversion of processed raw materials into useful products. Manufacturing or fabrication of materials into final product. Packaging of the product. Transportation of the finished product to the job site |
|
|
Term
| Use & Maintenance phase (LCA): |
|
Definition
| Installation or construction of the product into the building. Long-term use of the product throughout its life or the buildings. Maintenance & repair of product throughout its life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Demolition of the product used in the building. Conversion of the waste into other useful products. Waste disposal of the product. Reuse or recycling of the product if not disposed of or converted |
|
|
Term
| WHat units are LCA inputs & outputs usually given in? |
|
Definition
| inputs for energy: British thermal units or megajoules. Inputs for raw materials: pounds or kilograms. Water: gallons or liters. Output: given by weight in pounds or kilograms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The material or product should require as little energy as possible for its extraction as a raw material, initial processing, & subsequent manufacture or fabrication into a finished building product. |
|
|
Term
| Transporation energy for a product? |
|
Definition
| Energy required for transportation of materials & products during their life cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Material is sustainable if it comes from sources that can renew themselves within a fairly short time. |
|
|
Term
| When are LEED credits given? |
|
Definition
| For using rapidly renewable building materials & products for 5% of the total value of all building materials & products used in the project |
|
|
Term
| Examples of renewable building materials: |
|
Definition
| products typically made from plants that are harvested within a cycle of 10 years or less. Wool carpets, bamboo flooring & paneling, straw board, cotton batt insulation, linoleum flooring, poplar oriented stand board, sunflower seed board, & wheat grass cabinetry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The more recycled content a material has, the less raw materials & energy are required to process the raw materials into a final product. |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of recycled content to be considered: |
|
Definition
| post-consumer materials, post industrial materials, & recovered materials |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| materials, products, & assemblies should reduce the energy consumption of a building |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| locally produced materials reduce transportation costs & can add to the regional character of a design |
|
|
Term
| LEED credits for use of local materials: |
|
Definition
| building can receive credity if 20% of its building materials & products were manufactured regionally, within a radius of 500 miles. Additional credit if 10% or more were extracted, harvested, or recovered as well as manufactured, within 500 miles of the project |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Durable materials last longer & generally require less maintenance over the life of a product or building. Even though intial costs may be higher, life-cycle costs may be less |
|
|
Term
| Low volatile orgainic compound content: |
|
Definition
| Leed credits given for using, low-emitting materials, including adhesives & sealants, paints & coatings, carpet systems, composite wood & laminate adhesives, & systems furniture & seating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials should be selected that emit few or no harmful gases such as chlorofuorocarbons, formaldehyde, among others listed on EPA's list of hazardous substances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If possible, materials should be selected that prevent or resist the growth of biologiacl contaminants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| products should reduce water consumption in a building & in a landscaping |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Materials & products should be able to be cleaned & otherwise maintained w/ only nontoxic or low-VOC substances |
|
|
Term
| Potential for reuse & recycling: |
|
Definition
| Some materials & products are more readily recycled than others. Steel, for example, can usually be separated & melted down to make new steel products. Plastics, on otherhand, used in construction are difficult to remove & separate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A product should be reusable after it has served its purpose in the origional building. This type of product becomes a salvaged material in the life cycle of another building |
|
|
Term
| Example of salvaged materials: |
|
Definition
| doors, window units, cabinetry, furnishings, & equipment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| require large amounts of embodied energy for their production, have a high potential for recycling |
|
|
Term
| What is most common metal used in buidlings: |
|
Definition
| Steel. & is commonly recycled as scrap to produce more steel. Steel w/ recycled content up to 30% or more is readily available. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aluminum widely used & available w/ recycled content of 20% or more. Copper = great value as recycled material, & brass, bronze, & stainless steel can also be recycled, if separated |
|
|
Term
| When can problems arise with some metals? |
|
Definition
| some are plated or coated with chemicals. Electroplating processes produce high levels of pollution & byproducts |
|
|
Term
| Alternative to electroplating: |
|
Definition
| powder coatings & plastic polymer coatings |
|
|
Term
| why should metal finishes be readily removable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternative to electroplating: |
|
Definition
| powder coatings & plastic polymer coatings |
|
|
Term
| why should metal finishes be readily removable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What represents a large ecological problem with wood? |
|
Definition
| deforestation & processing & manufacturing of wood |
|
|
Term
| 3 sustainable stategies interior designers can use to minimize ecological wood problems: |
|
Definition
| 1) using reclaimed wood 2) specifying sustainable or alternate wood materials 3) using certified wood products |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| recycled wood from old buildings or structures that have been salvaged & prepared for a new use |
|
|
Term
| What can standard solid wood framing products be replaced with? |
|
Definition
| engineered wood products such as wood I-joists or laminated veneer lumber |
|
|
Term
| Although particleboard & MDF are good sustainable products what is their downfall? |
|
Definition
| often require adhesives & resins that outgas formaldehyde or other pollutants |
|
|
Term
| Formaldehyde-free MDF or low emission panels: |
|
Definition
| Available & use phenol-formaldehyde or urethane adhesives. Have a formaldehyde level of .04 ppm or less, which is below the commonly accepted level of .05 ppm |
|
|
Term
| Alternative to urea formaldehyde: |
|
Definition
| methylene-diphenyl isocyanate (MDI). This resin doesn't emit toxic gases during use, requires less dryer energy & lower press temperatures than do traditional binders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can be used to replace rough lumber. Made from wheat straw, a waste product from framing. Can be used for construction & furniture making |
|
|
Term
| Other alternatives to rough lumber: |
|
Definition
| rice straw & bagasse, post-consumer recycled waste paper |
|
|
Term
| LEED credits for using low-emitting materials: |
|
Definition
| such as wood & agrifiber products that contain no added urea-formaldehyde resins |
|
|
Term
| alternate products for finish carpentry & architectural woodwork: |
|
Definition
| molding can be made from MDF or molded high-density polyurethane foam. Composite wood veneers are manufactured from readily available & fast drying trees by slicing veneers, dying them, & gluing them back into an artificial "log" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those that use wood obtained through sustainable forest management practices |
|
|
Term
| Most well known forest certification group: |
|
Definition
| Forest Stewardship Council - an international body that oversees the development of national & regional standards based on basic forest management principles & criteria. Accredits certifying orgs that comply w/its principles |
|
|
Term
| 3 groups in US that the Forest Stewardship Council accredits: |
|
Definition
| 1)the SmartWood Program of the Rainforest Alliance 2) the Forest Conservation Program of Scientific Certification Systems, & SGS's Systems & Services Certification |
|
|
Term
| Principle 1 (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Forest management practices must respect all applicable laws of country in which they occur & must comply w/FSC principles & criteria. |
|
|
Term
| Principle 2 (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Long-term tenure & use rights to the land & forests must be defined, documented, & legally established |
|
|
Term
| Principle 3: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| The rights of indigenous peoples to own, use, & manage their land must be recognized & respected |
|
|
Term
| Principle 4: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Forest management practices & operations must maintain or enhance the long-term social & economic well-being of wonders & local communities |
|
|
Term
| Principle 5: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Forest management must encourage the efficient use of the forest's products to ensure economic viability & environmental & social benefits |
|
|
Term
| Principle 6: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Forest management must conserve biological diversity, water resources, soils, ecosystems, & landscapes to maintain the ecological functions of the forest |
|
|
Term
| Principle 7: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| A management plan must be written, implemented, & maintained |
|
|
Term
| Principle 8: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Monitoring must be conducted to assess the condition of the forest, yields, chain of custody, & management activities & their social & environmental impacts |
|
|
Term
| Principle 9: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Management activities in high conservation-value forests must maintain or enhance the attributes that define such forests |
|
|
Term
| Principle 10: (FSC uses to evaluate orgs for accreditation): |
|
Definition
| Plantations must follow the first 9 principles & the criteria that apply to plantations. Should complement the management of, reduce pressures on, & promote the restoration & conservation of natural forests |
|
|
Term
| Leed credit based on certified wood: |
|
Definition
| if a minimum of 50% of wood-based materials & products it uses are certified in accordance w/ FSC's principles & criteria |
|
|
Term
| what should all plastics be idenified for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two new developments in plastics that may improve sustainability: |
|
Definition
| 1) bio-plastics specifically polylactide (PLA) 2) Metallocene polyolefins |
|
|
Term
| Bio-plastics/polylactide: |
|
Definition
| biodegradable plastic derived from harvested corn. Used in fibers for carpet manufacture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows polyolefins to be precisely manufactured to have specific properties. Used as replacement for PVC & other plastics that are more harmful to environment. USed for window frames, membrane roofing, siding, & wire sheathing |
|
|
Term
| What are one of the main sources of potential indoor air pollution & typically replaced several time over life of building? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are finish types grouped? |
|
Definition
| according to 4 categores: 1)adhesives 2) flooring, 3)wall finishes 4)ceiling finishes |
|
|
Term
| Why do most adhesives emit gas? |
|
Definition
| they contain plastic resins & other materials that outgas |
|
|
Term
| What can the 3 types of low emission & zero-VOC adhesives be used for? |
|
Definition
| installing carpet, resilient flooring, plastic laminates, sheet metal, wood veneers, & some type of wall coverings |
|
|
Term
| Types of low emission & zero-VOC adhesives: |
|
Definition
| dry adhesives that contain resins stored in capsules released by pressure, water-based adhesives containing latex or polyvinyl acetate, & natural adhesives containing plant resins in a water dispersion system |
|
|
Term
| Leed credits for adhesives: |
|
Definition
| when using adhesives & sealants w/ a VOC content less than that defined in the California South Coast Air Quality Management District Rule 1168, which is among the lowest VOC content standards in the country |
|
|
Term
| 3 major considerations for sustainability when using carpet: |
|
Definition
| raw materials use, raw-material disposal, & indoor air quality |
|
|
Term
| What are good raw materials for carpet? |
|
Definition
| polyester & nylon-blended carpet made from recycled soft-drink containers (PET) or wool |
|
|
Term
| What should be selected to accompany carpet? |
|
Definition
| a carpet cushion made from recycled materials - including tire rubber & synthetic & natural fiber from textile mill waste |
|
|
Term
| Problems with carpet disposal: |
|
Definition
| total qty placed in landfills, fact that carpet doesn't decompose easily, difficulty of separating the various components for recycling, & costs of recycling compared w/landfill disposal |
|
|
Term
| What type of carpet fiber can be disposed of easily? |
|
Definition
| Nylon 6, one type of nylon fiber |
|
|
Term
| What type of carpet is generally more sustainable than broadloom carpet? |
|
Definition
| carpet tiles becuase only a sml # need to be replaced when they are damaged or worn, the adhesives used to apply them tend to outgas less than do broadloom adhesives |
|
|
Term
| Why can carpet affect indoor air quality? |
|
Definition
| because of its construction & the adhesives used in direct-glue applications |
|
|
Term
| Ways to avoid latex bonding on carpets: |
|
Definition
| fusion bonding & needlepunching process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a voluntary testing program under which manufacturers have their carpet tested by an independent agency for 4 emission types:total VOC, styrene, formaldehyde, & 4-phenylcyclohexene |
|
|
Term
| What happens when carpet passes carpet & rug institue test criteria? |
|
Definition
| is allowed to carry the CRI IAQ carpet testing program label or the "Green Label" |
|
|
Term
| What does CRI recommend for carpet installation? |
|
Definition
| that a ventilation system should be operated @ max capacity during & for 48-72 hours after installation |
|
|
Term
| Leed credit for carpeting: |
|
Definition
| using carpet systems that meet or exceed requirements of the CRI IAQ carpet testing program |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of vinyl flooring: |
|
Definition
| durability, ease of cleaning, a wide choice of pattern & colors, & relatively low cost |
|
|
Term
| eco concerns w/ vinyl flooring |
|
Definition
| requires highly refined petrochemicals for its manufacture & contains a large percentage of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) that can cause enviro probs during manufacture & disposal |
|
|
Term
| What is rubber flooring made from & in what ways is it available? |
|
Definition
| Made from recycled tires. Both tile & sheet goods |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of rubber flooring: |
|
Definition
| durable, slip resistant, & resilient |
|
|
Term
| eco probs w/ rubber flooring: |
|
Definition
| cuz of methods of manufacture & binders that are used, recycled rubber flooring may give off indoor pollutants. Should only be used where there is adequate ventilation, such as in outdoor sports areas, locker rooms, & other utility spaces |
|
|
Term
| How is linoleum available: |
|
Definition
| in tile or sheet form & can be used for baseboards |
|
|
Term
| what is linoleum made from? |
|
Definition
| natural, renewable products including linseed oil, rosin, cork powder, & pigments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| durable & biodegradable, water proof, fire resistant, naturally antibacterial, & doesn't generate static electricity |
|
|
Term
| what happens when linoleum is used with low-VOC adhesives: |
|
Definition
| it emits only low levels of contaminants, less than those of vinyl flooring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made from renewable resource, bark of cork oak trees, which regenerate every 9-10 yrs |
|
|
Term
| disadvantage of using cork : |
|
Definition
| must be imported from Mediterranean countries, increasing the transportation energy required |
|
|
Term
| binders used with cork flooring: |
|
Definition
| holds individual pieces together, binders today are phenol-formaldehyde, polyurethane, or all natural protein products |
|
|
Term
| How can cork be finished? |
|
Definition
| with water-based urethanes w/very low VOCs that provide durability along w/ water & chemical resistance |
|
|
Term
| Wood options for sustainable use: |
|
Definition
| 1)wood originating from well-managed forests can be selected 2)veneered & laminated products using a plywood or MDF core can be used 3) salvaged solid-wood flooring available |
|
|
Term
| Why should prefinished flooring be used whenever possible? |
|
Definition
| to eliminate need for sanding & finishing on site, which could create indoor air quaility probs |
|
|
Term
| What type of finishes should be avoided for wood flooring? |
|
Definition
| varnishes, acid-cured varnishes, or hardening oils for on-site finishing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fast-growing grass that reaches maturity in 3-4yrs. Almost as hard & twice as stable as red oak or maple & is sold in tongue & groove strips prefinished w/ durable polyurethane coating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harvested as byproduct or commerical coconut plantations. Harder than maple or oak & is sold in tongue & groove strips & prefinished with polyurethane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generally considered sustainable material in spite of high embodied energy required to produce it & transportation costs to get it from the factory to the job site. |
|
|
Term
| benefits of ceramic tile: |
|
Definition
| readily available natural materials, is very durable, produces practically no harful emissions, & requires little maintenance |
|
|
Term
| what should be avoided w/ ceramic tile installation: |
|
Definition
| avoid epoxy modified grout, plastic adhesives w/ solvents, & sealers that contain VOCs |
|
|
Term
| How is gypsum wallboard manufactured? |
|
Definition
| with 100% recycled content for its paper faces & w/ some recycled content for the core |
|
|
Term
| what is the main source of synthetic gypsum in North America? |
|
Definition
| fluegas desulfurization - process wherby power-gernerating plants (and similar plants) remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into the atmosphere |
|
|
Term
| What added things to gypsum wallboard can be pollution sources? |
|
Definition
| adhesives, paints, & caulking |
|
|
Term
| why is disposal of gypsum wallboard problematic? |
|
Definition
| It can't be reused when taken out of an old building |
|
|
Term
| how can gypsum wallboard be recycled? |
|
Definition
| a few plants are doing it. Must be separated from other materials & be free of screws, nails, & lead paint. cost of collecting & transporting the old wallboard is disincentive for recycling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a natural material made from fibers of the henequen plant. Its branches are harvested & fiber extracted, dyed, & spun into yarn |
|
|
Term
| where is sisal wall covering non suitable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benefits of sisal wall covering: |
|
Definition
| durable, low maintenance, & reduces sound reflection & transmission |
|
|
Term
| how should sisal wall covering be applied? |
|
Definition
| w/ zero VOC adhesive & detailed to allow slight expansion & contraction w/ the absorption & release of humidity |
|
|
Term
| What must paint sold now conform to? |
|
Definition
| the limits of VOCs set by the Environmental Protection Agency as required by the Clean Air Act |
|
|
Term
| VOC content max for flat interior paint & non flat interior paint: |
|
Definition
| flat paint: can't exceed 250 g/L, non flat paint: can't exeed 380 g/L |
|
|
Term
| What state has the strictest standards for VOC content? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using interior paints & coatings that comply w/ the VOC & chemical component limits of the Green Seal Standard GS-11 |
|
|
Term
| eco friendly acoustical ceiling tile: |
|
Definition
| some uses recycled content from old tiles, newsprint, or perlite. Other materials, such as clay & wood fibers may be used |
|
|
Term
| Fiberglass ceiling panels: |
|
Definition
| available with recycled content |
|
|
Term
| How much can recycled content contitute of ceiling finishes? |
|
Definition
| up to 95% depending on manufacturer & product tyope |
|
|
Term
| Why can furnishings be a significant source of formaldehyde in residential & commercial settings? |
|
Definition
| because of particleboard, MDF, & coatings used in their construction |
|
|
Term
| 3 strategies that can be used to improve sustainability through the selection & specification of furnishings: |
|
Definition
| 1)Reuse refurbished or previously used office furniture 2) Consider using furniture made from steel, solid wood, & glass, which are all materials that can readily be recycled 3)Specify that furnishings can be fabricated with wood certified under standards by the Forest Stewardship Council or with reclaimed wood |
|
|
Term
| Next 3 strategies that can be used to improve sustainability through the selection & specification of furnishings: |
|
Definition
| 1) Require that furnishings be fabricated w/formaldehyde-free MDF or strawboard 2)Use furniture w/ cushions, work station panels, & fabrics made with recycled PET from soda bottles. 3) look for fabrics with biodegradable & nontoxic dyes |
|
|
Term
| Last 4 strategies that can be used to improve sustainability through the selection & specification of furnishings: |
|
Definition
| 1)Use finish coverings for furniture made of cotton, wool, ramie, blends, or other natural materials. Use chemical-free organic cotton fabrics 2)Use low-VOC finishes 3)Use powder coatings for finishes instead of standard paint 4)Require that cushions be foamed w/ CO2 injected foam or other enviro friendly materials |
|
|
Term
| 4 stategies designers can use to reduce energy consumption: |
|
Definition
| 1)building commissioning, mechanical systems, electricity use, & plumbing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of inspecting, testing, starting up, & adjusting the building systems & then verifying & documenting that they are operating as intended & meet the design criteria of the contract documents |
|
|
Term
| what is commissioning an expansion of? |
|
Definition
| traditional testing, adjusting, & balancing that is commonly performed on mechanical systems, but with greatly broadened scope over a longer time period |
|
|
Term
| Some building systems that may require commissioning: |
|
Definition
| mechanical systems, electrical systems, plubming systems, sprinkler systems, fire management & life-safety systems, vertical transportation, telecommunication & computer networks |
|
|
Term
| what do mechanical systems include that may require commissioning? |
|
Definition
| heating & cooling equipment, air handling equipment, distribution system, pumps, sensors & controls, dampers, & cooling-tower operation |
|
|
Term
| what do electrical systems include that may require commissioning? |
|
Definition
| switch gear, controls emegency generators, fire management, & safety systems |
|
|
Term
| what do plumbing systems include that may require commissioning? |
|
Definition
| tanks, pumps, water heaters, compressors, & fixtures |
|
|
Term
| what do sprinkler systems include that may require commissioning? |
|
Definition
| stand pipes,alarms, hose cabinets, & controls |
|
|
Term
| what do fire management & life-safety systems include that may require commissioning? |
|
Definition
| alarms & detectors, air handling equipment, smoke dampers, & building communications |
|
|
Term
| When does the majority of building commissioning occur? |
|
Definition
| during the design & initial occupancy of the building |
|
|
Term
| What does commissioning involves for an interior deign project? |
|
Definition
| verifying & ensuring that the building elements are designed, installed, & calibrated to operate as intended for the tenant's scope of work |
|
|
Term
| LEED certification & commissioning: |
|
Definition
| commissioning team must be used, & team can't include individuals directly responsible for the project design or construction management |
|
|
Term
| How should the tenant's portion of the HVAC system be designed? |
|
Definition
| to conform to ASHRAE/IESNA Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, or the local energy code (whicher is more stringent) |
|
|
Term
| What should not be used in a mechanical system? |
|
Definition
| components for the tenant space that includes CFC-based refrigerants |
|
|
Term
| what should be used if possible with mechanical systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| displacement ventilation: |
|
Definition
| an air distribution system in which supply air originates at floor level & rises to return air grilles in the ceiling |
|
|
Term
| why does air not have to be cooled as much when using displacement ventilation? |
|
Definition
| because the supply air is delivered close to users. This results in energy savings |
|
|
Term
| what s displacement ventilation a good system for? |
|
Definition
| removing heat generated by ceiling-level lights & for improving indoor air quality becuase these systems typically use a high % of outdoor air |
|
|
Term
| what do most displacement ventilation systems use? |
|
Definition
| an access flooring system to provide space for underfloor ducting & to allow rearrangement of air supply outlets as the space layout changes |
|
|
Term
| Where is displacement ventilation appropriate? |
|
Definition
| for new construction, where additional floor-to-floor height can be set to accommodate the 12" or more required for ductwork, along with coordination of stairways & elevators |
|
|
Term
| what is a variation of displacement ventilation? |
|
Definition
| uses supply-air outlets located low on exterior walls, but system only works for spaces next to exterior wall to a depth of about 16' |
|
|
Term
| how can the power required for lighting be reduced? |
|
Definition
| by designing task/ambient systems or by other means, such as utilizing daylighting |
|
|
Term
| how can the power required for lighting be reduced? |
|
Definition
| by designing task/ambient systems or by other means, such as utilizing daylighting |
|
|
Term
| What must the power lighting density be reduced to for LEED credit? |
|
Definition
| a certain amount below the ASHRAE?IESNA Standard 90.1 level |
|
|
Term
| what should be specified in all spaces that aren't regularly occupied? |
|
Definition
| automatic occupancy lighting controls |
|
|
Term
| what should you have the electrical engineer set up to reduce electricity use: |
|
Definition
| non-emergency ligting on a programmable timer that turns lighting off during non-business hours, & include a manual override capability |
|
|
Term
| what should be specified in all occupied spaces wi 15' of windows & under skylights? |
|
Definition
| daylight-responsive controls |
|
|
Term
| What will improve the brightness provided by daylighting? |
|
Definition
| Specifying high-reflectance finishes |
|
|
Term
| what should you look for when specifying appliances & equipment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does submetering equipment do? |
|
Definition
| measures & records energy uses within a tenant space. That way, tenants pay energy costs & is not included in base rent |
|
|
Term
| what type of plumbing fixtures should be specified? |
|
Definition
| low-flow fixtures & other strategies to reduce water consumption |
|
|
Term
| Receiving LEED credit for plumbing: |
|
Definition
| @ least 50% of the tenant occpancy requirements include strategies for using 20% less water than the baseline amount calculated for the tenant space after meeting the fixture performance requirements of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 |
|
|
Term
| What dos the quality of indoor air affect? |
|
Definition
| people's sense of well-being & can affect absenteeism, productivity, creativity, & motivation |
|
|
Term
| why is indoor air quality a complex subject? |
|
Definition
| because there are hundreds of different contaminants, dozens of causes of poor IAQ, many possible symptoms building occupants may experience, & a wide variety of potential strategies for maintaining good IAQ |
|
|
Term
| What 2 groups can indoor air contaminants be classified into? |
|
Definition
| 1)chemical contaminants & biological contaminants |
|
|
Term
| what are some chemical contaminants? |
|
Definition
| things such as volatile organic compounds, inorganic chemicals, tobacco smoke |
|
|
Term
| some biological contaminants: |
|
Definition
| mold, pollen, bacteria, & viruses |
|
|
Term
| Volatile organic compounds: |
|
Definition
| chemicals that contain carbon & hydrogen & that vaporize @ room temperature & pressure |
|
|
Term
| what are common sources of VOCs in building materials? |
|
Definition
| paint, stains, adhesives, sealants, water repellents & sealers, particleboard, furniture, upholstery, & carpeting |
|
|
Term
| What did the final regulation of VOCs in architectureal, industrial, & maintenance list? |
|
Definition
| the max content of VOCs in various types of coatings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a colorless gas with a pungent odor. Used in the preparation of the resisn & adhesives most commonly found in particleboard, wall paneling, furniture, carpet adhesives, & other glues used in the construction & furnishings industry |
|
|
Term
| what is formaldehyde designated as: |
|
Definition
| a probable human carcinogen & has irritant effects on the eyes & respitory tract |
|
|
Term
| what does ASHRAE recommend as the maximum continuous indoor air concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does OSHA recommend as the maximum continuous indoor air concentration? |
|
Definition
| .75 ppm in an 8 hr period, with a 2ppm 15-minute short term exposure |
|
|
Term
| in order to qualify as Greengaurd-certified, what is maximum continuous indoor air concentration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can the problems associated with formaldehyde most easily be solved? |
|
Definition
| by minimizing the sources of formaldehyde wi/a space, using 2 or 3 coats of sealants, or airing out the building before occupancy |
|
|
Term
| Proposition 65 of 1986 requires: |
|
Definition
| businesses to provide a clear & reasonable warning before knowingly & intentionally exposing anyone to a listed chemical |
|
|
Term
| What does the Greenguard Environmental Institue produce? |
|
Definition
| a list of products, chemicals in those products, & allowable maximum emission levels |
|
|
Term
| how are products tested to meet the Greenguard standards? |
|
Definition
| according to ASTM D5116 & D6670, the State of Washington's protocol for interior funishings & construction materials, & the EPA's testing protocol for furniture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also called environmental tobacco smoke, is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar & the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers |
|
|
Term
| what has secondhand smoke been found to contain? |
|
Definition
| over 4000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans & many of which are strong irritants |
|
|
Term
| what should be done to improve indoor air quality concerning second hand smoke? |
|
Definition
| should be banned completely from buildings & near entrances, or isolated smoking rooms should be constructed that have separte ventilation system that vents directly to outside |
|
|
Term
| Potential biological contamiinants: |
|
Definition
| mold & mildew in addition to bacteria, viruses, mites, pollen, animal dander, dust, & insects |
|
|
Term
| what may happen when a person sensiitve to mold & mildew is exposed to their spores: |
|
Definition
| may experience eye irritation, skin rash, runny nose, nausea, head aches, & similar symptoms |
|
|
Term
| what 3 conditions do mold spores require to grow? |
|
Definition
| 1) moisture 2) a nutrient 3) a temperature range from 40 degrees to 100 degrees |
|
|
Term
| what can be nutrients for mold? |
|
Definition
| organic materials, which include wool, carpet, paper coating of gypsum wallboard, paint, wallpaper, insulation, & ceiling tile, among others, that serve as nourishing food sources for organisms |
|
|
Term
| what is the only way to prevent & control mold in a building? |
|
Definition
| prevent & control moisture in places where it shouldn't be, or to use a material that doesn't provide a nutrient |
|
|
Term
| 4 basic causes of poor IAQ: |
|
Definition
| 1)chemical contaminants from indoor sources 2)chemical contaminants from outdoor sources 3) biological contaminants 4) Poor ventilation |
|
|
Term
| Where can lists of harmful chemicals be found? |
|
Definition
| Hazardous Chemicals Desk Reference, National Toxicology Program, International Agency for Research of Cancer, Chronic Reference Exposure Levels, California Health & Welfare Agency Safe Drinking Water & Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986, California Air Toxics - California Environmental Protection Agency - Air Resources Board |
|
|
Term
| How are chemical contaminants from outdoor sources introduced to a building? |
|
Definition
| when air intake vents, windows, or doors from parking garages are improperly located, allowing pollutants from the outside (carbon monoxide, for example) to be drawn into the building |
|
|
Term
| How can indoor pollutants from exhausts & plumbing vents be sucked back into the building? |
|
Definition
| through improperly located air intakes |
|
|
Term
| How can biological contaminants develop? |
|
Definition
| from moisture infiltration, standing water, stagnant water in mechanical equipment, & even from droppings from insects or birds that find their way into the building |
|
|
Term
| what will poor ventilation do for indoor pollutants? |
|
Definition
| allows them to accumulate to unpleasant or even unhealthy levels & affects the general sense of well-being of building occupants |
|
|
Term
| How can the problem of providing proper vitilation while still balancing the requirement for energy conservation be solved? |
|
Definition
| by using heat exchangers & other mechanical engineering methods |
|
|
Term
| 3 classifications of symptoms of poor indoor air qualit: |
|
Definition
| 1) sick building syndrome 2) building related illnesses 3)multiple chemical sensitivities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which building occupants experience a variety of health related symptoms that can't be directly linked to any particular cause |
|
|
Term
| what are symptoms of sick-building syndrome? |
|
Definition
| irritation of eyes, nose, & throat; dry mucous membranes & skin erythema (redness of sking); mental fatigue & headache; respitory infections & cough; hoarsemess of voice & wheezing; hypersensitivity reactions; and nausea & dizziness |
|
|
Term
| Building related illness: |
|
Definition
| condition in which the health related symptom or symptoms of a buildings occupants are identified & can be directly attributed to certain building contaminants |
|
|
Term
| For interior design projects what is it helpful to verify concerning IAQ? |
|
Definition
| what types of mechanical equipment are installed in the building |
|
|
Term
| What is unique about building related illness symptoms? |
|
Definition
| they don't immediately improve when the occupant leaves the building |
|
|
Term
| Multiple chemical sensitivity: |
|
Definition
| a condition brought on by exposure to VOCs or other chemicals |
|
|
Term
| what might people with multiple chemical sensitivity develop? |
|
Definition
| acute, long term sensitivity that shows symptoms each time they are exposed to the chemicals. * in many cases only a slight exposure to the chemical can be enough to produce symptoms |
|
|
Term
| 4 categories of stategies an interior designer can use to maintain good IAQ: |
|
Definition
| 1)eliminate or reduce th sources of pollution 2)control the ventilation of the building 3)establish good maintenance procedures 4)control occupant activity as it affects IAQ |
|
|
Term
| stategies for eliminating or reducing sources of pollution: |
|
Definition
| establish the owner's criteria for IAQ early in the project. Select & spec finish materials & furnishings w/low emissions & VOCs. Specify materials & finishes that are resistant to growth of mold & mildew (especially in areas that may become wet or damp. Request emissions test data from manufacturers. Prior to occupancy, HVAC system in new building or occupied space should be operated @ full capacity for 2 weeks to reduce the emissions due to outgassing chemicals & moisture |
|
|
Term
| What should be done since it is not always possible to eliminate all sources of pollutants: |
|
Definition
| set priorities by identifying materials that are the most volatile & represent large quantities |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of test data from manufacturers? |
|
Definition
| material safety data sheets |
|
|
Term
| what does OSHA require regarding emissions test data from manufacturers? |
|
Definition
| require all manufacturers to develop & supply MSDSs for their products that contain chemicals |
|
|
Term
| stategies for controlling ventilation: |
|
Definition
| during the programming phase, determine owners' & occupants' requirements for ventilation. Determine energy conservation code requirements. Verify with the mechanical engineer or building architect that minimum outdoor air ventilation is being provided. Provide separate rooms & ventilation for equipment that emits high concentrations of pollutants. Specify independent building commissioning & testing, adjusting, &balancing of the HVAC system |
|
|
Term
| Who recommends minimum outdoor air ventilation? |
|
Definition
| American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, & Air Conditioning Engineers for the specific activity of the building or individual space |
|
|
Term
| Minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation: |
|
Definition
| absolute minimum is 15 cfm/person, office spaces, 20 cfm. high range of 60 cfm used for smoking lounges |
|
|
Term
| how can an interior designer provide the building owner w/ the basis for proper maintenance: |
|
Definition
| proper selection of materials, development of maintenance manuals, & establishment of operating guidelines. |
|
|
Term
| stategies for establishing good maintenance procedures: |
|
Definition
| select & specify building materials & finishes that are easy to clean & maintain. Include in the specs any requirements for warranties & maintenance contracts. Suggest that the client & building owner conduct post-occupancy evaluations @ regular intervals to review procedures for maintaining good IAQ. Require the specifications that the contractor assemble an operation & maintenance manual from various suppliers of HVAC & electrical equipment. Include maintenance manual materials & procedures for regular cleaning of specified products, including furnishings |
|
|
Term
| stategies for establishing good maintenance procedures: |
|
Definition
| select & specify building materials & finishes that are easy to clean & maintain. Include in the specs any requirements for warranties & maintenance contracts. Suggest that the client & building owner conduct post-occupancy evaluations @ regular intervals to review procedures for maintaining good IAQ. Require the specifications that the contractor assemble an operation & maintenance manual from various suppliers of HVAC & electrical equipment. Include maintenance manual materials & procedures for regular cleaning of specified products, including furnishings |
|
|
Term
| what should an operation & maintenance manual give? |
|
Definition
| performance criteria, operation requirements, cleaning instructions, & maintenance procedures |
|
|
Term
| stategies for controlling occupant activity: |
|
Definition
| suggest a no smoking policy for the space. Suggest that the building owner or manager monitor individual space use to determine if major changes to occupant load, activites or equipment occur (HVAC system may need to be adjusted accordingly). Suggest that the client install sensors for carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, & other products, which are connected to the building management system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates air emissions from area, stationary, & mobile sources. Authorizes the EPA to establish the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to protect public health & the environment |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean that ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality is an industry standard? |
|
Definition
| compliance with is voluntary. however, Most building codes incorporate all or part of standard by reference thereby giving it the force of law |
|
|
Term
| ASHRAE Standard 62-2001 Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality: |
|
Definition
| Sets minimum outdoor air requirements for ventilation. Includes provisions for managing sources of contamination, controlling indoor humidity, & filtering building air, as well as requirements for HVAC system construction & startup, and operation & maintenance of systems |
|
|
Term
| ASHRAE Standard 62.2-2003 Ventilation & Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low Rise Residential buildings: |
|
Definition
| Applies to single-family houses & multifamily buildings of 3 stories or less, including manufactured & modular houses. Defines the roles of & minimum requirements for mechanical & natural ventilation systems as well as the building envelope |
|
|
Term
| National VOC Emission Standards for Architectural Coatings (40 CFR Part 59): |
|
Definition
| Implements part of the Clean Air Act & sets limits on the amount of volatile organic compounds that manufacturers & importers of architectural coatings can put into their products |
|
|
Term
| South Coast Air Quality Management District (SCAQMD) Rule 1113, Architectural Coatings: |
|
Definition
| Limits the VOC content of architectural coatings used in SOuth Coast Air Quality management District in CA. Limts it sets are more restrictive than national VOC emission standard published by the EPA. Rule 1168 limits the VOC content of adhesives & sealants |
|
|
Term
| California Safe Drinking Water & Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986: |
|
Definition
| Prohibits businesses from discharging chemicals that cause cancer or reproductive harm into sources of drinking water & requires that warning be given to individuals exposed to such chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Greenguard Environmental Institute: |
|
Definition
| tests products following ASTM standards D5116 & D6670, the EPAs testing protocol for furniture & the state of Washington's protocol for interior furnishings & construction materials. Has a list of the emission levels that products must meet before they are certified by the org |
|
|
Term
| Threshold Limit Values & Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists: |
|
Definition
| Gives exposure limits for chemicals in the workplace, called threshold limit values. |
|
|
Term
| ASTM D5116, Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products: |
|
Definition
| Describes the equipment & techniques suitable for determining organic emissions from small samples of indoor materials. Can't be used for testing complete assemblages or coatings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used for testing paint using small environmental chambers |
|
|
Term
| ASTM D6670 Standard Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products: |
|
Definition
| Details the method to be used to determine the VOC emissions from building materials, furniture, consumer products, & equipment under environmental & product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office & residential buildings. Standard way to determine level of VOC emissions |
|
|
Term
| ASTM E1333 , Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air & Emission Rates from Wood Products Using a large chamber: |
|
Definition
| Measures the formaldehyde concentration in air & the emission rate from wood products in a large chamber under conditions designed to simulate product use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals or biological substances that pose a threat to the enviro or to human health if released or misused |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| naturally occurring fibrous mineral found in certain types of rock formations |
|
|
Term
| what health issues is asbestos known to cause? |
|
Definition
| lung cancer, asbestosis (scarring of the lungs), & mesothelioma (cancer of the lining of the chest or abdominal cavity). Oral exposure associated w/ cancer of esophagus, stomach, & intestines |
|
|
Term
| where does asbestos exposure come from in buildings? |
|
Definition
| asbestos that has become friable (easily crumbled) or that has been disturbed accidentially or by construction activities |
|
|
Term
| What types of existing building materials can asbestos be found in? |
|
Definition
| pipe & blown-in insulation, asphalt flooring, vinyl sheet & tile flooring, construction mastics, ceiling tiles, textured paints, roofing shingles, cement siding, caulking, vinyl wall coverings |
|
|
Term
| what is asbestos regulated under? |
|
Definition
| 1)Clean Air Act of 1970 2)Toxic Substances Control Act 3)U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission |
|
|
Term
| what asbestos bans exisit: |
|
Definition
| products including flooring felt, corrugated or specialty paper, commercial paper, & rollboard. Prevents use of asbestos in products that have not historically contained asbestos |
|
|
Term
| What did the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants ban? |
|
Definition
| the use of sprayed-on or wet applied asbestos-containing materials for fireproofing & insulation |
|
|
Term
| what type of asbestos materials do not pose a health risk? |
|
Definition
| intact & undisturbed. Should be encapsulated to protect it from becoming friable or from accidental damage |
|
|
Term
| when does the EPA require asbestos removal? |
|
Definition
| during building demolition or renovation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hydrated laminar magnesium-aluminum-ironsilicate that resembles mica. Its separated from mineral ore that contains other materials, including possibility of asbestos |
|
|
Term
| how is vermiculite used in construction? |
|
Definition
| for pour-in insulation, acoustic finishes, fire protection, & sound deading compounds |
|
|
Term
| where is a current concern with vermiculite? |
|
Definition
| with loose, pour-in insulation used in attics & concrete blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a highly toxic matal that was once used in a variety of consumer & industrial products |
|
|
Term
| what health problems can lead exposure cause? |
|
Definition
| in children: damage to the brain & nervous system, slowed growth, behavior problems, seizures, & even death. In adults: digestive & reproductive problems, nerve disorders, muscle & joint pains, & difficulties during pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| Where does most exposure from lead come from? |
|
Definition
| paint in homes built before 1978 or from soil & household dust that has picked up lead from deteriorating lead based paint |
|
|
Term
| How should lead-based paint removal not be conducted? |
|
Definition
| by sanding, propane torch, heat gun, or dry scraping |
|
|
Term
| What is no longer used due to the potential for lead soil contamination? |
|
Definition
| lead-coated copper used in flashing, sheet metal panels, gutters, & downspouts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colorless, odorless, tasteless, naturally occurring radioactive gas found in soils, rock, & water throughout world |
|
|
Term
| what can health risks can radon cause? |
|
Definition
| lung cancer, with most of risk coming from breathing air contaminated w/ radon & its decay products |
|
|
Term
| where does most radon exposure occur? |
|
Definition
| places where radon accumulates, such as homes, schools, & office buildings, so most remedial work is done in existing buildings |
|
|
Term
| WHen does the EPA recommend that remedial action be taken for radon levels? |
|
Definition
| if level over 4 piocuries per liter is found |
|
|
Term
| first 3 ways remedial action for radon levels can take place: |
|
Definition
| 1) sealing cracks in floors, walls, & foundations 2)venting the soil outside the foundation wall 3) depressurizing the voids wi/a block wall foundation (block wall depressurization) |
|
|
Term
| Next 4 ways remedial action for radon levels can take place: |
|
Definition
| 1)Ventilating the crawl space with a fan (crawl space depressurization) 2)Using a vent pipe wo/a fan to draw air from under a slab to the outside (passive sub-slab depressurization) 3)Using a fan powered vent to draw air from below the slab (active sub-slab depressurization) 4) using a fan-powered vent to draw air from below a membrane laid on the crawl-space floor (sub-membrane depressurization) |
|
|
Term
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls: |
|
Definition
| mixtures of synthetic organic chemicals with physical states ranging from oily liquids to waxy solids |
|
|
Term
| Where were polychlorinated biphenyls used? |
|
Definition
| In many commercial & industrial applications including building transformers, fluorescent light transformers, paints, coatings, & plastic & rubber products |
|
|
Term
| What are Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) known to cause? |
|
Definition
| cancer & other adverse health effects afflicting the immune system, reproductive system, nervous system, & endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| When were polychlorinated biphenyls banned? |
|
Definition
| in 1977 under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 |
|
|
Term
| Ideally what should all building materials be? |
|
Definition
| durable, biodegradable, or recyclable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reusing as much of the existing building stock as possible instead of constructing new buildings |
|
|
Term
| when can a building receive LEED credit for adaptive reuse? |
|
Definition
| for maintaining at least 75% of existing building structure & shell, exculind window assemblies & nonstructural roofing material. Additional credit given for using @ least 50% of non-shell areas such as walls, doors, floor coverings, & ceiling systems |
|
|
Term
| LEED credit for using salvaged material: |
|
Definition
| receive credit for using salvaged, refurbished, or previously used materials, products, & furnishings for at least 5% of the total of all building materials. Additional credit for using 10% |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conserves natural resources, reduces energy required to construct new buildings or products, lessens air & waer pollution due to burning or dumping & keeps materials from entering waste stream |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of a previously used material to be used as a resource in the manufacturer of a new product |
|
|
Term
| why is recycling materials often difficult? |
|
Definition
| because of problem of separating different substances so that they can be individually marketed |
|
|
Term
| What should designer's do before selecting & specifying materials? |
|
Definition
| ask product suppliers about the recycled content of their products |
|
|
Term
| Leed credit for recycled materials: |
|
Definition
| if sum of the post-consumer recycled contents plus 1/2 of the post industrial content constitutes @ least 5% of total value of materials in the project. Additional credit given for using 10% |
|
|
Term
| how can recycling of consumer products be encouraged? |
|
Definition
| by providing bins, recycling rooms, & other provisions as part of building design |
|
|
Term
| what type of products take a long time to decompose naturally? |
|
Definition
| aluminum, most plastics, or steel |
|
|
Term
| Leed credit for building disposal: |
|
Definition
| credit for diverting @ least 50% of construction, demolition, & land clearing debris from landfill disposal to recycling, or by donating usable materials to charitable orgs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made from plant or animal materials as main ingredieng. Minimize disposal problems while saving depletable raw materials. Using helps maintain good IAC & provides market for rural economy |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of biobased products? |
|
Definition
| adhesives, composite panels, gypsum wallboard substitutes, ceiling tiles, & carpet backing |
|
|
Term
| LEED credit for using rapidly renewable building materials: |
|
Definition
| Materials made from plants that are typically harvested wi/ cycle of 10 yrs or less for % of the total value of all building materials used |
|
|
Term
| ASHRAE Standard 90.1 , Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings: |
|
Definition
| Gives info on minimum energy efficiency standards; building envelope requirements; zone isolation; floor, ceiling, & roof insulation; & power allowance calculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a marketable by-product from a process that can include materials traditionally considered to be waste but they can be used as raw materials in a different manufacturing process |
|
|
Term
| demand control ventilation: |
|
Definition
| system designed to adjust the amount of ventilation air provided to a space, based on the extent of occupancy. Normally uses carbon dioxide sensors but may also use occupancy sensors or air quality sensors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| referring to a material or product that has served its intended use & has been diverted or recovered from waste destined for disposal having completed its life as a consumer item |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| material generated in manufacturing processes, (trimmings or scrap) that have been recovered or diverted from solid waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| waste or by-products that have been recovered or diverted from solid-waste disposal. Doesn't apply to materials that are generated from or reused wi/ an original manufacturing process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| product that can be grown, naturally replenished, or cleansed at a rate that exceeds human depletion of the resource |
|
|
