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NCIDQ
Building codes
217
Architecture
Professional
08/09/2010

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Term
What are other requirements besides codes that may affect the design & construction of a building?
Definition
legal & administrative regulations at the federal, state & local levels
Term
What areas might state governments enforce regulations?
Definition
energy codes, environmental regulations, fabric flammability standards, & specific rules relating to state government buildings, institutions, & other facilities.
Term
What are areas federal agencies might regulate?
Definition
a construction project like a military or federal prison or regulate a specific part of construction.
Term
Who is the safety glazing requirement issued by?
Definition
the Consumer Product Safety Commmision
Term
what is the most notable national federal-law for interior designers?
Definition
American with Disabilities Act -regulates for exampe, the removal of barriers for the physically disabled
Term
What are ADA requirements based on?
Definition
the American National Standard Institutes (ANSI) ICC/ANSI A117.1 Accessible & Usable Buildings & Facilities
Term
is the ADA considered a code?
Definition
No it is not a code or a standard but a piece of civil rights legislation
Term
what do amendments to model building code made by local codes usually pertain to?
Definition
specific concerns or needs of a geographical region, or ar provisions designed to alleviate local problems that aren't addressed in the model codes
Term
What might local regulations also include?
Definition
requirements of agencies that govern hospitals, nursing homes, restaurants, schools, & similar institutions, as well as rules of local fire departments
Term
Model code:
Definition
one that has been written by a group comprised of experts knowledgeable in the field, without reference to any particular geographical area
Term
what does adopting a model code allow a city, county, or district to have?
Definition
a complete, workable building code without the difficulty & expense of writing its own
Term
when a city or state writes its own code, what is it usually based on?
Definition
a model code
Term
where are there exceptions to cities/states having codes based off of model codes?
Definition
larter cities like NYC or Chicago & a few states that have adopted the Life Safety Code, published by the NFPA
Term
What is the primary mode code?
Definition
the International Building Code produced by the International Code Council
Term
What does the IBC combine?
Definition
provisions of all three of the previous model codes (published in the US) & is organized in the same format that the 3 code-writing groups used in the most recent editions of their codes
Term
What is the intent of the IBC?
Definition
to bring unimormity to code practices across the country & in other countries, & eventually to replace the other 3 model codes
Term
What are the 3 model codes previously used throughout the US & still used by some jurisdictions:
Definition
1)The Uniform Building Code 2)The BOCA National Building Code 3)the Standard Building Code
Term
what is used in addition to a building code to govern other aspects of construction?
Definition
Companion codes
Term
Example of companion codes (also published by the International Code Council):
Definition
International Residential Code, INternational Fire Code, the International Mechanical Code, the International Plumbing Code, & the International Zoning Code
Term
What is the electric code used by all jurisdictions & who is it published by?
Definition
it is the National Electric Code published by the NFPA
Term
What do model codes also make extensive use of?
Definition
industry standards that are developed by trade associations; government agencies; standards-writing organizations; & standards-approroving groups
Term
Examples of trade associations, standards-writing orgs, & standards approving grps:
Definition
Gypsum Association (Trade Association), American Society for Testing & Materials - NFPA(Standards-writing orgs), American National Standards Institute (standards approving groups)
Term
What does "ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998, Accessible & Usable Buildings & Facilities" indicate?
Definition
it was developed by the International Code Council based on previous ANSI accessibility standards & is approved by ANSI. Number designates code nunber. Then, date of latest revision
Term
In the U.S. who is given authority for adopting & enforcing building codes?
Definition
one of the police powers given to the states by the 10th amendment to US Constitution
Term
What can each state do with its authority to enforce/adopt building codes?
Definition
May retain powers or delegate some to lower evels of gov such as counties or cities
Term
HOw are building codes enforced before construction?
Definition
through the permit process, which requires builders submit plans & specifications for checking & conduct inspections to verify that building is proceeding according to the approved plans
Term
WHo is ultimately responsible for making sure that the design meets all applicable codes & regulations?
Definition
the design professional
Term
How are all approved materials & construction assemblies referred to in building codes regulated?
Definition
they are required to be manufactured according to accepted methods or tested by approved agencies according to standardized testing procedures, o both
Term
Do standards have legal standing?
Definition
No , nt by themselves. Only when they are referred to in a building code & that code is adopted by a governmental jurisdiction do standards become law
Term
American Society for Testing & Materials:
Definition
One org that publishes thousands of test procedures that describe in detail, such things as how the test apparatus must be set up, how materials must be prepared for the test, the length of the test, & other requirements
Term
How will a product manufacturer indicate that one of its materials was successfully tested?
Definition
it will indicate what tests the material has passed it its prodcut literature
Term
Does the ASTM actually perform tests?
Definition
No, but its procedures & standards are used by testing agencies
Term
National Fire Protection Association:
Definition
private, voluntary org that develops standards related to the causes & prevention of destructive fires. publishes 100s of codes & standards in multivolume set.
Term
What does the NFPA's mutivolume of codes cover?
Definition
entire scope of fire prevention, including sprinkler systems, fire extinguishers, hazardous material, fire fighting, & more
Term
WHat are other standards writing orgs typically?
Definition
industry trade groups that have an interest in a particular material, product, or field of expertise.
Term
Example of trade groups:
Definition
Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Illuminating Engineering Society (IES), The gypsum Association (GA), and the Tile Council of America
Term
American National Standards Institute (ANSI):
Definition
Doesn't devlop or write standards. Instead, it approves standards developed by other orgs & works to avoid dublication between different standards
Term
Who performs tests when a standard describes a test procedure or requires one or more tests in its description of a material or product?
Definition
A testing lab - A Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory
Term
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory:
Definition
An independent laboratory recognized by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration to test products to the specifications of applicable product safety standards
Term
What is one of the most well known testing labs?
Definition
Underwriters labs
Term
When will a product be given a UL label:
Definition
product must successfully pass the prescribed test
Term
Listed label:
Definition
Received when a complete & total product is successfully tested. Means that the product passed the safety test & is manufactured under the UL follow-up services program
Term
Classified label:
Definition
Means that samples of the product were tested for certain types of uses only. Product must also carry a statement specifying conditions were tested for
Term
What will a classified lable allow field inspectors & others
Definition
to determine if the product is being used correctly
Term
What is one of the most common uses of UL testing procedures?
Definition
for doors & other opening protections
Term
Where are the results of UL tests & products that are listed published?
Definition
in the UL's Buiding Materials Dictionary
Term
What are some properties that tests and standards examine?
Definition
fire resistance, structural integrity, durability, stain resistance
Term
What do building codes indicate?
Definition
what tests or standards a particular type of material must satisfy in order to be considered acceptable for a particular use
Term
What are the most important types of tests for interior design components?
Definition
those that rate the ability of a construction assembly to prevent the passage of fire & smoke from one space to another, & those that rate the degree of flammability of a finish material
Term
What is one of the most commonly used tests for fire resistance of construction assemblies?
Definition
ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction & Materials
Term
What is one of the most commonly used tests for fire resistance of construction assemblies?
Definition
ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction & Materials
Term
ASTM E119, Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction & Materials
Definition
Involves building a smaple of the wall or floor/ceiling assembly in the lab & setting a standard fire on one side of it. Monitoring devices measure temperature & other aspects of tst as it proceeds
Term
What are the 2 parts of the ASTM E119 test?
Definition
1)Measures heat transfer through the assembly 2)Hose stream test
Term
What is the goal when measuring heat transfer through the assembly?
Definition
to determine the temperature at which the surface of adjacent material on the side of the assembly not exposed to the heat source will combust
Term
Hose Stream Test:
Definition
uses a high pressure hose stream to stimulate how well the assembly stands up to an impact from falling debris & the cooling & eroding effects of water
Term
Overal what does the ASTM E119 test evaluate?
Definition
an assembly's ability to prevent the passage of fire, heat, & hot gases for a given amount of time
Term
What are construction assemblies testing according to ASTM E119 given?
Definition
a time based rating
Term
What exacting is the time based rating given to assemblies by the ASTM E119?
Definition
amount of time an assembly can resist a standard test fire without failing
Term
What are the different time ratings that an assembly can be given by the ASTM E119?
Definition
1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, & 4 hours. Doors & other opening assemblies can be given 20 min, 30 min, & 45 min
Term
NFPA 252, Standard Methods for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies:
Definition
Evaluates the ability of a door aseembly to resist the passage of flame, heat, and gases
Term
What does the NFPA 252 establish?
Definition
a time-endurance rating for the door assembly, & the hose stream part of the test determines if the door will stay wi/ its frame when subjected to a standard blast from a fire hose after the door has been subjected to the fire endurance part of the test
Term
NFPA 257, Standard for Fire Test for Window & Glass Block Assemblies:
Definition
prescribes specific fire & hose stream test procedures to establish a degree of fire protection, in units of time, for window openings in fire resistive walls
Term
What does the NFPA 257 determine?
Definition
the degree of protection from the spread of fire, including flame, heat, & hot gases
Term
What 3 things do Flammability tests for finish materials determine?
Definition
1) whether a material is flammable, & if so, if it simply burns w/ applied heat or if it supports combustion (adds fuel to fire) 2) The degree of flammability (how fast fire spreads across material) 3)HOw much smoke & toxic gas the material produces when ignited
Term
ASTM E84, Standard Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials:
Definition
One of the most common fire standards. AKA Steiner Tunnel Test & rates the surface burning characteristics of interior finishes & other building materials by testing, in a narrow test chamber, a sample piece w/ a controlled flame @ one end
Term
What is the primary result of the ASTM E84?
Definition
a materials' flame-spread rating compared to glass-reinforced cement board (with a rating of 0) & red oak flooring (w/an arbitrary rating of 100)
Term
What can the ASTM E84 also be used to generate?
Definition
a smoke developed index - a # representing the amount of smoke generated as a material burns in test chamber
Term
How are materials classified under the ASTM E84 test?
Definition
into one of three groups, based on their tested flame spread characteristics
Term
Class A (aka roman numeral I) (ASTM E84):
Definition
Most fire resistant.
Term
How do building codes use results of ASTM E84?
Definition
they specify the minimum flame-spread requirements for various occupancies in specific areas of the building
Term
ASTM E662, Standard Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials:
Definition
Measures amount of smoke given off by a flaming or smoldering material or finish
Term
How is a material tested with ASTM E662?
Definition
Tested when it first smolders & then when a flame source is added. A smoke density value from 0-88 is developed
Term
What smoke density rating do most codes require?
Definition
450 or less for finish materials
Term
ASTM E648 Flooring Radiant Panel Test:
Definition
tests a sample of carpet in normal horizontal position & measures the flame spread in a corridor or exitway that is under the influence of a fully developed fire in an adjacent space
Term
How are the resulting test numbers measured for the ASTM E648?
Definition
in watts per square centimeter; the higher the number, the more resistnat the material is to flame propogation
Term
what is ASTM E648 the same test as?
Definition
nfpa 253
Term
What are the 2 material classes defined by the flooring radiant panel test?
Definition
Class I-materials have a critical radiant flux of not less than .45 W/cm (squared) and class II-materials have a critical radiant flux of not less than .22 W/cm (squared)
Term
WHere are class I finishes typically required (Flooring radient panel test):
Definition
corridors & exitways of hospitals, nursing homes & detention facilities
Term
Where are class II finishes typically required (flooring radiant panel test):
Definition
in corridors & exitways of other occupancies, except 1 & 2 family dwellings
Term
Where does the IBC specifically exclude the critical raiant flux of flooring material testing?
Definition
traditional flooring types such as wood, vinyl, linoleum, & terrazzo
Term
Where does the IBC allow Class II materials used where otherwise Class I would be required?
Definition
in sprinklered buildings
Term
ASTM D2859, Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials:
Definition
Another carpet flammability test. AKA Methenamine pill test which is required for all carpet sold & manufactured in the US.
Term
How is carpet tested with ASTM D2859?
Definition
A test sample of the carpet is placed in a draft protected cube & held in place w/ a metal plate w/ an 8" dia hole. A timed methenamine pill is placed in the center & lighted
Term
How can carpet fail the ASTM D2859 test?
Definition
If the sample burns to within 1" of the metal plate
Term
Older designation for ASTM D2859:
Definition
DOC FF-1
Term
NFPA 265 , Room Corner Test:
Definition
determines the contribution of interior wall & ceiling coverings to room fire growth
Term
When is NFPA 265 sometimes required?
Definition
In additon to or instead of ASTM E84 rating for interior finishes
Term
What does NFPA 265 attempt to simulate?
Definition
real-world conditions by testing the material in the corner of a full-sized test room
Term
How is the NFPA 265 test conducted?
Definition
the textile wall covering is applied to 3 sides of an 8' x 12' x 8' high room. an ignition source is placed in the room & provides a heat output of 40 kW for 5 minutes & then 150 kW for 10 minutes
Term
What are the 2 things the NFPA 265 rating is based on?
Definition
1) the flame doesn't spread to the ceiling during the 40 kW exposure & 2) other conditions are met during the 150 kW exposure, including no flashover & no spread of the flame to the outer extermity of the 8' x 12' wall *ratings are either pass or fail
Term
NFPA 286 , Standard Methods of Fire Test for Evaluation Contribution of Wall & Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth:
Definition
Developed to address concerns w/ interior finishes that don't remain in place during testing according to the E84 Tunnel test
Term
What does the NFPA test measure?
Definition
Materials other than textiles
Term
How are materials tested with the NFPA 286 test?
Definition
materials are mounted on walls or ceiling inside a room , but more of the test room wall surfaces are covered, & ceiling materials can be tested
Term
What does the NFPA 286 evaluate?
Definition
The extent to which finishes contribute to fire growth in a room, assessing factors such as heat & smoke released, combustion products released, & the potential for fire spread beyond the room
Term
What does the NFPA 701, Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Propagation of Textiles & Films:
Definition
establishes 2 procedures for testing the flammability of drapers, curtains, or other window treatments.
Term
What does test 1 of NFPA 701 provide a procedure for?
Definition
assessing the response of fabrics lighter than 21 oz/yd (squared) individually & in multilayer composites used as curtains, draperies, & other window treatments
Term
What does test 2 of NFPA 701 provide a procedure for?
Definition
Tests fabrics weighing more than 21 oz/yd(squared), such as fabric blackout linings, awnings, & similar architectural structures & banners
Term
What is NFPA 701 appropriate for testing?
Definition
materials that are exposed to air on both sides
Term
What are the 2 broad classifications of fire resistance that building codes specify requirements for?
Definition
resistance of materials & assemblies, & surface burning characteristics of finish materials
Term
what is the fire resistance that a material or construction assembly must have specified in terms of?
Definition
an hourly rating as determined by ASTM E119 for walls, ceiling/floor assemblies, columns, beam enclosures, & similar building elements
Term
Where do codes specify what time ratings doors & glazing must have?
Definition
NFPA 252 or NFPA 257
Term
what are fire resistance requirements for exit-access corridors?
Definition
have @ least 1 hr rating, & door assemblies in such a cooridor may be required to have a 20 minute rating
Term
What are the assemblies desginers are most often concerned with for fire resistance?
Definition
permanent partitions, doors, glazed openings, & portions of floor/ceiling constructions
Term
Occasionally if a project involves build-out of 2 or more floors, what other area must be detailed to meet applicable fire resistive requirements?
Definition
Shaft enclosures, such as stairways
Term
Why are the fire resistive ratings of existing building components important?
Definition
in determining the construction type of the building
Term
What makes materials part of a fire-rated barrier?
Definition
materials by themselvese don't create a fire-rated barrier. It is the construction assembly of which they are part that is fire resistant
Term
What is one of the most common types of construction assemblies the interior designer details?
Definition
a partition
Term
What does the new IBC make important distinctions between?
Definition
Various types of fire resistance rated walls & partitions
Term
What are different types of fire-resistance-rated walls/partitions?
Definition
fire partitions, fire barriers, fire walls, & smoke barriers
Term
Fire partition:
Definition
one of the most common fire-resistance-rated partitions. A wall assembly with a fire-resistance rating of 1 hr
Term
Where are the designated locations where a fire partition would be used?
Definition
walls separating dwelling units such as rooms in apartments, dorms, & assisted living facilities. Walls separating guest rooms in Group R-1 occupancies such as hotels, as well as R-2 & I-1 occupancies. Walls separating tenant spaces in covered mall buildings. Corridor walls
Term
What are the 2 exceptions for required fire partition use?
Definition
1) Corridor walls permitted to be nonrated & 2) dwelling & guest room separations in Type IIB, IIIB, & VB buildings equipped w/automatic sprinkler systems. Separation walls may be 1/2 hr rated
Term
What does it mean that fire partitions must provide a continuous barrier?
Definition
they must extend from the floor to the underside of the floor or roof slab avobe or to ceiling of a fire-resistant-rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly
Term
What rating must openings in fire partitions be a minimum of?
Definition
3/4 hr except for corridors which must be protected by 20 minute fire protection assemblies
Term
Fire barrier:
Definition
a vertical or horizontal assembly that is fire-resistance rated & is designed to restrict the spread of fire, confine fire to limited areas, &/or afford safe passage for protected egress. It offers more protection than a fire partition
Term
Fire barriers are used for the following purposes:
Definition
To enclose vertical exit enclosures (stairways), exit pasageways, horizontal exits, & incidental use areas. To separate different occupancies ina mixed-occupancy situation. To separate single occupancies into different fire areas. To otherwise provide a fire barrier where specifically required by code provisions in the IBC as well as other international codes
Term
How are fire barriers unlike fire partitions?
Definition
must always be continuous from the floor slab to underside of floor or roof slab above. Must also be required to have a fire-resistance rating greater than 1 hour
Term
Smoke barrier:
Definition
continuous vertical or horizontal membrane with a minimum fire-resistance rating of 1 hr, designed & constructed to restrict movement of smoke. A passive form of smoke control
Term
What is minimum rating of openings in smoke barriers?
Definition
at least 20 minutes
Term
WHat are single layers of finish materials rated according to?
Definition
ASTM 84
Term
How are single layers of finish materials use restricted?
Definition
to certain areas of buildings based on their ratings & whether or not the building is sprinklered
Term
What's the purpose of regulating single layers of finish materials ?
Definition
to control the flame-spread rate along the surface of a material & to limit amount of combustible material in a building
Term
What do the materials tested & rated according to surface burning characteristics include?
Definition
finishes such as wainscotting, paneling, heavy wall covering, or finishes applied structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation, or similar purposes
Term
What materials do ASTM 84 restrictions mostly not apply to?
Definition
trim such as chair rails, baseboards, & handrails; or to doors, windows, or their frames; or to materials that are less than 1/28" thick cemented to the surface of noncombustible walls or ceilings
Term
What 3 areas did the UBC set finish refirements for in buildings?
Definition
1)most restrictive - enclosed vertical exitways 2) next restrictive - other exitways 3) least restrictive - rooms or other areas
Term
If textile wall covers are used what 3 conditions must they comply with?
Definition
1)Must be rated as Class A according to ASTM E84 & be protected by an automatic sprinkler system 2) must meet requirements the Method B test protocol of NFPA 265 3)they must meet the requirements of NFPA 286
Term
What requirements textile finishes meet for ceilings?
Definition
Requirements of either ASTM E84 with sprinklers or NFPA 286
Term
What floor coverings does the IBC now regulate ratings of?
Definition
textile coverings or coverings comprised of fibers-carpets. Excludes types such as wood, vinyl, linoleum, and terrazzo
Term
What does he IBC require textile or fiber floor coverings to be?
Definition
One of two classes as defined by NFPA 253, Flooring Radiant Panel Test
Term
What are additional requirements the IBC has recently added:
Definition
1st limits the area & height of the accessory occupancy to values in Table 503. 2nd requirement clarifies that accessory occupancy is to be classified individually on the basis of its use rather than given the occupancy classifications of the building's major use
Term
What do architects & designers use Table 503 of the IBC for?
Definition
to determine the maximum size & height of a building based on its occupancy & construction type
Term
What must be flame resistant & pass the NFPA 701 test or must be noncombustible?
Definition
curtains, draperies, hangings, & other decorative materials suspended from walls or ceilings in occupanices of Groups A, E, I, and R-1 & in Group R-2 dormitories
Term
What are requirements in Group I-1 & Group I-2 occupancies for combustible decoration?
Definition
must be flame retardant unless quantities are so limited as to present no hazard
Term
Limitations of noncombustible decorative materials:
Definition
Amount is not limited, but amount of flame -resistant materials is limited to 10% of the aggregate area of walls & ceilings, except in Group A occupancies, where it is limited to 50% if buiding is fully sprinklered
Term
Requirements for material used as interior trim:
Definition
Must have a minimum Class C flame-spread index & smoke-developed index
Term
Limits for Combustible trim (such as wood trim):
Definition
Excludes handrails & guardrails, can't exceed 10% of aggregate wall or ceiling area in which it is located
Term
Occupancy:
Definition
type of use assigned to building or interior space such as an office, restaurant, private residence, or school
Term
What are buildings & spaces that are grouped by occupancy classifications based on?
Definition
similar life safety characteristics, the presence of fire hazards, & combustible components
Term
Example of how some building uses are more hazardous than others:
Definition
building whre flammable liquids are present is more dangerous than single family residence
Term
In order to achieve equivalent safety in building design, how does each occupancy group vary?
Definition
by fire protection requirements, area & height limitations, type of construction restrictions, and means of egress elements
Term
A occupancy Gropup:
Definition
Assembly
Term
B Occupancy Group:
Definition
Buisness
Term
E Occupancy Group:
Definition
Educational
Term
F Occupancy Group:
Definition
Factory & industrial
Term
H Occupancy Group:
Definition
Hazardous
Term
I Occupancy Group:
Definition
Institutional
Term
M Occupancy Group:
Definition
Merchantile
Term
R Occupancy group:
Definition
Residential
Term
S Occupancy Group:
Definition
Storage
Term
U Occupancy Group:
Definition
Utility
Term
Example of how some occupancy groups are distinguished by subgroups that define the relative hazard of the occupancy:
Definition
In assembly group, A-1 occupancy includes assembly places usually with fixed seats, used to view performing arts or motion pictures, while A-2 includes places designed for food and/or drink consumption
Term
Why is knowing occupancy classification important?
Definition
in determining other building requirements, many which relate to architectural design of a building, such as max area, # of floors allowed, & how building is separated from other structures
Term
For interior design specifically, what do coccupancy classifications affect?
Definition
calculation of occupant load, egress of design, interior finish requirements, use of fire partitions & fire barriers, fire deterction/suppression systems, ventilation/sanitation requirements, other special restrictions particular to give classification
Term
Mixed occupancy:
Definition
when a building or area of building contains 2 or more occupancies
Term
How must each occupancy be separated from each other occupancies in mixed occupancy?
Definition
With a fire barrier of the hourly rating as defined by the particular code that applies
Term
How does the IBC show required occupancy separations?
Definition
with a matrix table with hourly separations ranging from 1 hr-4hrs
Term
What are the hourly ratings when a building is equipped with an automated sprinkler system?
Definition
required hourly ratings generally reduced by 1 hr
Term
What are the 2 variations of the concept of mixed occupancies in the IBC?
Definition
Accessory occupancies & incidental use areas
Term
Accessory Occupancy:
Definition
Space or room that is used in conjunction with the main occupancy but doesn't exceed 10% of the floor area of the main occupancy
Term
Requirements of fire barrier usage for accessory occupancies?
Definition
Do not need to be separated from main occupancy w/ a fire barrier
Term
Example of accessory occupancy:
Definition
small gift shop in a hospital. NOt require the 2 hr occupancy separation normally required between an M occupancy and an I-2 occupancy
Term
What are the exceptions to fire barriers not required in Accessory occupancies?
Definition
Group H occupancies or incidental use areas
Term
Incidental use area:
Definition
area that is incidental to main occupancy & has same classification as the nearest main occupancy but, by code must be separated from the main occupancy by a fire barrier
Term
How must incidential use areas be separated when the IBC table allows a sprinkler system to substitute for a fire barrier?
Definition
the incidental use area must be separated by a smoke barrier & the sprinklers only have to be in incidental use area
Term
Door requirements into incidental use areas:
Definition
must be self closing or automatic-closing
Term
What is every building classified into?
Definition
one of five major types of construction (I, II,II,IV,V)based on the fire resistance of certain building components
Term
what are some building components that affect how a building is classified?
Definition
structural frame, interior & exterior bearing walls, & floor & roof construction
Term
What is the most fire resistive building classification?
Definition
Type I
Term
Requirements for a Type 1 structural frame:
Definition
must have a 3 hr rating
Term
Combustibility of building classifications?
Definition
Type I & II are noncombustible. Types II,IV,V are combustible
Term
In building classifications what does an A or B suffic indicate?
Definition
whether the construction is fire protected or not
Term
What is the purpose of designing buildings to certain classifications?
Definition
to protect the structural elements from fire & collapse & to prevent fire from spreading from one building to another
Term
What do building types limit in combination with occupancy groups?
Definition
The area & height of buildings
Term
Type I building of any occupancy (except certain hazardous occupancies) height/area limitations:
Definition
can be of unlimited area & height
Term
Type V building ht & area limitations:
Definition
limited to only a few thousand sq ft in area & one or two stories in height, depending on occupancy
Term
What does limiting ht & area based on construction type & occupancy recognize?
Definition
that it becomes more difficult to fight fires, provide time for egress, & rescue people as buildings get larger & higher. Also recognizes that type & amount of combustibles existing due to buildin's use & construction affect buildings safety
Term
How can the construction type of a project be determined?
Definition
Ask the local building official, or check w/ architect if building is currently being designed or recently been constructed
Term
When is it most important for designers to know construction type?
Definition
if major changes are being made. Example: if occupancy of building/portion is being changed from B to A occupancy, designer must know construction type to verify that maximum area is not exceeded
Term
What happens if the maximum area of a building is being exceeded when major changes are being made?
Definition
May be necessary to construct a firewall or add sprinklers
Term
What can construction type also affect?
Definition
fire ratings of coverings of structural elements, floor/ceiling assemblies, & openings in rated walls
Term
Fire protection system:
Definition
any alarm or fire-extinguishing device or system that is designed & installed to detect, control, or extinguish a fire, or to alert the occupants or the fire department that a fire has occurred, or any combo of these
Term
Most fire protection systems are designed to be automatic. What does this mean?
Definition
they provide an emergency fuction without human intervention.
Term
3 ways automatic fire protection systems are activated by the dection of:
Definition
1)smoke/other products of combustion 2) A rise in temperature to a predetermined level 3) rate of rise of temperature to predetermined rate of change
Term
What mignt a complete fire protection system include for large /complex buildings?
Definition
smoke & heat detectors, sprinklers, alternate fire extinguishing systems (halon , for example), portable fire extinguishers, standpipes, smoke control systems, & smoke & heat vents
Term
What is the most common type of suppression systems?
Definition
sprinklers. They are required in nearly all new high-rise buildings & hotels
Term
An example of a code trade off for using sprinklers:
Definition
In nonsprinklered building of A,B, E,F,M,S, or U occupancy, corridors must have 1-hr rating. In sprinklered building of same occupancy , corridors need not be rated
Term
whose responsibility is the design & layout of sprinkler system?
Definition
mechanical engineer or fire protection contractor
Term
what should designers be aware of about sprinklers?
Definition
Their requirements, most notably the spacing of sprinkler heads & types of heads available
Term
Who develops standards for sprinkler systems?
Definition
NFPA: NFPA13 for commerical buildings & NFPA13R for residential construction
Term
What other requirements do the IBC & other model building codes regulate:
Definition
Many other aspects of construction, including use & structural design of individual materials, excavations, demolition, & elevators
Term
What 2 basic issues do code requirements for interior glazing focus on
Definition
glazing use in hazardous locations, & glazing use in fire-rate assemblies such as partitions & doors
Term
When glass is installed in hazardous locations (subject to human impact) , what type of glass must be used?
Definition
safety glazing: tempered or laminated
Term
Fire-protection- rated glazing:
Definition
1/4" thick wired glasss in steel frames, or other types of glazing that meet requirements of NFPA 252, Standard methods of fire tests or door assemblies, or NFPA 257, Standard for Fire Test for Window & Glass BLock Assemblies
Term
What rating must fire protection-rated glazing have?
Definition
45 minute rating & limited to 1 hr rated fire partitions or fire barriers when the fire barrier is used to separate occupancies or to separate incidental use areas
Term
what is the amount of fire-protection-rated glazing limited to?
Definition
25% of the area of the common wall within any room using the glazing. Individual lights of this glazing can't exceepd 9 ft(squared) & other dimensions can't be more than 54"
Term
What does the limit for the amount of fire protection rated glazing apply to?
Definition
partitions separating 2 rooms as well as to a partition separating a room & a corridor
Term
Testing of fire protection rated glazing:
Definition
1/4" wired glass is accepted as meeting requirements, but other glazing must meet the NFPA 252 or 257 test requiremetns for a 45 minute rating
Term
When is wired glass allowed to be used in hazardous locations?
Definition
only if it meets the requiremetns of 16 CRF 1201
Term
Fire-resistance-rated glazing:
Definition
glass or other glazing material that has been tested as part of a fire-resistance-rated wall assembly according to ASTM E119
Term
What must fire resistance-rated glazing have?
Definition
fire-resistive ratings up to 2 hours
Term
where can fire-resistance-rated glazing be used?
Definition
in partitions that must have a rating higher than 1 hr, although the glazing must have the same rating as the partition in which it is used
Term
Are there any area limitations for fire-resistance-rated glazing?
Definition
no
Term
Gaurd:
Definition
component whose function is to prevent falls from an elevated area
Term
Where are guards required?
Definition
along open-sided walking surfaces, mezzanines, industrial equipment platforms, stairways, ramps, & landings that are more than 30" above the floor below
Term
Gaurd specifications:
Definition
must be a minimum of 42" high & designed such that a sphere w/a 4" diameter can't pass through any opening up to a height of 34". Must be designed to resist load of 50lb applied in any direction at top of guard
Term
The International Mechanical Code, companion to IBC,:
Definition
Details requirements for materials & design of systems for heating, ventilationg, & air conditioning systems
Term
When might mechanical systems affect the interior designer?
Definition
where mechanical elements, such as supply-air diffusers & return-air grilles, are visible in a finished space
Term
Whose responsibility is it to satisfy plubming system requirements?
Definition
in most cases, the mechanical engineer & architect. In some cases, designer may be involved w/ remodeling toilet rooms in commercial buildings
Term
What is important plumbing system knowledge for an interior designer to know?
Definition
how many fixtures are required when preliminary design layouts are being developed.
Term
What gives the minimum number of toilets, lavatories, drinking fountains, & other fixtures required in a building?
Definition
The International Plumbing Code
Term
What code is referenced for electrical systems?
Definition
the National Electrical code, published by the NFPA
Term
National Electrical Code:
Definition
details requirements for materials & design of the power supply & lighting systems of buildings
Term
where might electrical codes affect a designer?
Definition
where electrical elements, such as outlets, are visible in the finished space. NEC specifies the maximum spacing for outlets & requirements for GFCIs.
Term
What does the IBC require concerning Sound Ratings:
Definition
that wall & floor/ceiling assemblies in residential occupancies separating dwelling units or guest rooms from each other & from public spaces be designed & constructed to provide for sound transmission control
Term
What does code specify as the minimum sound transmission class?
Definition
50 (45 if field tested) for walls
Term
What does the sound transmission class requirement not apply to?
Definition
dwelling-unit entrance doors, but these doors must be tight-fitting to frame & sill
Term
minimum impact insulation class for floors:
Definition
50 (45 if field tested)
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