Term
| Mechanical systems include : |
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Definition
| heating and cooling, plumbing, and fire protection |
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Term
| Electrical systems include: |
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Definition
| power, lighting, telephone, and other comm. Sys |
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Term
| designer's role in mechanical, electrical, and structural systems: |
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Definition
| not resp for designing/producing construction dwgs for structural, mech, and elec system, must know when & how to coordinate with consulting engineers and read dwgs & make decisions based on these syst |
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Term
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Definition
| -Acronym for heating, ventilating, and air conditioning & includes all systems used for these purposes |
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Term
| How many systems needed for HVAC? |
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Definition
| One syst may combine all 3, or may be 2 or more systems to heat & cool building |
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Term
| How are HVAC systems classified? |
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Definition
| by medium used to heat/cool building |
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Term
| Methods of heating & cooling: |
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Definition
| Air or water (primary methods). Some parts of country, elec also used for heating. Some syst use combo of media |
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Term
| How do air HVAC systems cool/heat spaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is heat transported to spaces? |
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Definition
| w/supply & return air ducts |
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Term
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Definition
| by oil or gas heats air that’s distributed throughout the house in ductwork. Return air ducts in ea rm collect cooled air & return it to furnace for reheating. If necessary, AC unit connected to same duct work to provide cooled and dehumidified air |
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Term
| What are the variations of HVAC systems in commercial buildings? |
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Definition
| including variable air volume (VAV), high-velocity dual duct, constant volume w/ reheat, and multizone systs |
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Term
| WHat do all types of HVAC systems require? |
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Definition
| supply air ductwork, registers, & return air grilles |
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Term
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Definition
| connected to the supply air ductwork & can be adjusted to control direction of air flow and volume of air coming through them |
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Term
| What is used sometimes insted of separate ductwork for return air? |
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Definition
| grilles simply placed in suspended ceiling to collect return air |
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Term
| Where do mechanical systems draw return air back to? |
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Definition
| central collecting pt where then returned through ducts to buildings heating plant |
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Term
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Definition
| space between suspended ceiling & structural floor above |
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Term
| What happens if fire rated partitions extend above suspended ceiling? |
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Definition
| supply air ducts & openings for return air must be provided |
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Term
| What is required at locations where fire wall is penetrated? |
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Definition
| fire dampers are required that auto close in event of fire |
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Term
| How are supply air registers often connected to main ductwork? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does flexible ducting allow for? |
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Definition
| adjustability in exact location of air register if its location is in conflict w/ some other ceiling mounted item |
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Term
| Why may return air grilles be relocated if overall circulation is maintained? |
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Definition
| they are generally not connected to ducts in commercial construction |
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Term
| Who should be consulted to determine how much registers can be moved? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do all-water heating systems use? |
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Definition
| some type of coil unit called a convector in each space through which hot water is circulated |
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Term
| How does an all-water heating system create heat? |
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Definition
| Hot water heats fins of coil unit, & air is heated as it is drawn over the fins |
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Term
| In all-water heating systems, how is air circulated? |
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Definition
| by convection, as w/ most baseboard residential fin-tube radiators, or be forced circulation created w/ a fan |
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Term
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Definition
| combo systems that use duct work for supplying fresh air but use water to heat or cool air before introduced into conditioned space |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in geographical areas where electric heat is economical. Can be mounted in wall or created by running cables in ceiling. Sometimes electric panels used where it's necessary to avoid drafts |
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Term
| Where do small ducts & plumbing pipes generally run? |
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Definition
| wi/walls and floor joists in residential construction. Occasionally, horizontal ducts in house must run below floor joists & a dropped ceiling or furred down space must be built to conceal them. |
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Term
| Where do horizontal & vertical ducts run in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| horizontal: in plenum . Vertical: within their own chases |
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Term
| In a commercial setting, what may make it nearly impossible to recess lighting? |
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Definition
| Large horz ducts may occupy most of vert distance between suspended ceiling and struct above |
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Term
| Sometimes what recessed lighting can be fit into commercial applications? |
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Definition
| Substitute standard line volt recessed incandescent downlights (can be fairly deep) with smaller,low-volt or low-clearance light fixtures to fit with low space below a duct |
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Term
| What is another consideration when planning ceiling layout? |
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Definition
| location of mixing boxes which are located in plenum |
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Term
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Definition
| adusts quant or temp of air going into a space from main air supply line(s), reduces velocity of air, and attenuates noises |
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Term
| What are lines from the thermostats connected to? |
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Definition
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Term
| VAV (variable air volume systems) box: |
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Definition
| varies the quantity of air. One duct leads in & 1 or sev lead out & are attached to registers mounted in ceiling |
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Term
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Definition
| above ceiling, wi/or near space it serves |
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Term
| How does mixing mox work with dual duct systems? |
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Definition
| actually mixes cool & hotair coming into it from 2 separate ducts and distributes mixed air to ducts serving individual rms or spaces |
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Term
| How does mixing box operate w/terminal reheat systems? |
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Definition
| the box contains a hot water coil that provides additional heat to the air stream. Can easily be identified by air ducts & copper pipes leading into them |
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Term
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Definition
| Depends on type & capacity of system. Range from 6"-18"h, 24"-60" long, & 14"-66"w |
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Term
| What can mixing boxes interfere with? |
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Definition
| light fixture placement & other recessed ceiling items because of size & connection w/ductwork & thermostats. Even so, they are often expensive & difficult to move |
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Term
| What should be verified before locating light fixtures & other recessed ceiling items? |
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Definition
| size & location of ductwork, mixing boxes,and piping |
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Term
| Where can info be found to verify size & location of ductwork, mixing boxes, & piping? |
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Definition
| found on HVAC plans, by consulting w/mech engineer on job, or by visual inspection on job site |
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Term
| What is best way to confirm location of existing HVAC, plumbing, electrical, & fire protection services? |
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Definition
| Since actual construction seldom exactly follows dwgs, so on site viewing of space above ceiling is best way to confirm |
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Term
| What should be done if relocation of HVAC eqip or piping contemplated? |
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Definition
| cost time, & heating/cooling implications should be disussed w/mech engineer, contractor, & client |
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Term
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Definition
| Used in some commercial construction. A false floor or individual panels raised above structural floor w/pedestals. Mostly used to run electrical, communication, & computer wiring, can be used for some types of HVAC ductwork that serves individual workstations |
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Term
| Where should pipes be placed in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| small pipes can run wi/standard partitions, but larger pipes need to be placed in deeper walls or in chase walls |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of 2 runs of studs separated by several inches, exact dimension being determined by largest pipe or duct that has to be concealed. |
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Term
| what side of a a run of studs on a chase is covered w/ wallboard? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are chase walls commonly used? |
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Definition
| between back-to-back commercial toilet rms where extensive plumbing work & toilet carriers required |
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Term
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Definition
| steel framework bolted to floor inside a pipe chase & carries the weight of wall hung toilets |
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Term
| What do building codes prohibit in commercial construction when plenum used as return air space? |
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Definition
| use of combustible materials such as wood or exposed wire wi/the space |
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Term
| What type of wiring may be used in plenum? |
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Definition
| Some types of phone & communication wiring are plenum rated (Teflon coated, for ex) , & may be used in place of running wires in steel conduits |
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Term
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Definition
| Sometimes required by local authority having jurisdiction. They limit the spread of fire & smoke horizontally. Normally an extension of a fire-rated partition |
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Term
| What does code require access be provided to? |
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Definition
| Certain components of mechanical & electrical system. • Include: valves, fire dampers, heating coils, mech eqip, elect junction boxes, communication juct boxes, & similar devices |
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Term
| How is access provided to Mechanical & electrical systems components if located above suspended acoustical ceiling? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is access provided in other locations, , such as gypsum ceilings/partitions, where access doors req for anything that might need to be inspected, adjusted or repaired |
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Definition
| Access doors typically sml steel doors w/ frames that opened by using thumb turn or key |
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Term
| How are thermostat locations normally determined? |
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Definition
| by mech engineer so away from ext walls, heat sources, or other areas that may adversely affect operation |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally 48" above floor, , but should be coordinated w/ light switches & other nearby wall-mounted control devices. Mounting ht must also be coordinated w/max allowable reach distance for accessibility, which may lower hts to 44” for obstructed forward reach |
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Term
| What ceiling items & why should a designer consider coordinating with each other for location/placement? |
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Definition
| supply air diffusers & air grilles w/ other ceiling items such as lights, sprinkler heads, smoke detectors, speakers, so ceiling is as functional & well planned as possible |
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Term
| Who must be consulted to verify that desired types & locations of supply & return air devices don’t adversely affect operation of HVAC system |
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Definition
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Term
| Window coverings affect in HVAC design: |
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Definition
| Can affect heating & air conditioning load in space & may interfere w/ supply air diffusers or other heating units near windows |
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Term
| How can a designer make sure window coverings aren't adversely affect heating/cooling in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| should have mech engineer or architect check designer’s proposed type, size, & mounting to verify that they won’t create prob w/ HVAC syst |
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Term
| What will @ least 2" between glass & any window covering help avoid? |
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Definition
| excessive heat buildup, which might cause glass to crack or break |
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Term
| What should be done in residential construction when existing loc of ductwork & air registers may not work if remodeling is extensive? |
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Definition
| Mech contractor or mech engineer should be consulted to determine if existing furnace has adequate capacity to change or add onto a residence, & also to det how ducts & registers may need to be relocated, if necessary |
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Term
| In commercial construction what are most HVAC systems designed to work independently of? |
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Definition
| partition relocation & furn placement. BUT inSome cases: HVAC zones designed for 1 layout & may not work w/ desired zoning of new plan |
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Term
| What HVAC considerations will a designer think about for furniture placement? |
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Definition
| location of floor registers, fintube baseboard radiators, & other equip as it affects placement of furn & built-in woodwork |
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Term
| What particual exmaple do mechanical & electrical systems often pose problems with maintaining acoustic separation? |
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Definition
| office spaces where ducts, convectors, & piping run continuously along exterior wall while partitions intersect ext wall @ regular intervals |
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Term
| What can be done to help acoustic separtion of mech/elec systmes in office spaces? |
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Definition
| Special detailing or const may be req to create continuous sound seal around floor, around ceiling, above ceiling, & along perimeter of wall. Example: cracks between wallboard & all pipe & duct penetrations must be sealed w/ acoustic sealant |
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Term
| Why is a office wall intersecting an exterior wall w/ convector running near floor a common acoustical problem? |
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Definition
| Openings in convector allow warm air to circulate but also allow sound to penetrate & travel inside convector; past the partition, & out the openings on other side |
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Term
| How can a convector be modified to prevent noise transmission? |
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Definition
| , either by cutting convector & piping (diff, expensive option) or by sealing inside the convector while still allowing hot water pipe to run continuously |
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Term
| Why should a designer know basics of reading HVAC plans? |
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Definition
| so can review dwgs to verify existing conditions & coordinate desin work w/ mech engineer’s work |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally drawn w/ single lines representing piping & ductwork. Ducts indicated w/ a line & number such as 18 x 12 |
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Term
| What do the numbers indicate next to ducts on HVAC plans? |
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Definition
| first # = width of duct in ", 2nd = height in " |
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Term
| What does electrical system include? |
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Definition
| power for lighting, convenience outlets, & fixed equip |
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Term
| What does an electrical engineer or contractor design & specify? |
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Definition
| exact type of circuiting, wire sizes, & other technical aspects of elec systs |
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Term
| Designer's responsibilities for electric design: |
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Definition
| schematically showing desired loc of outlets & switches, where power req for special built-in equip, & appearance of cover plates & other visible elec devices. Should also be familiar with the rudiments of power supply |
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Term
| What do conductors extend from and do? |
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Definition
| from circuit breaker boxes to individual switches, lights, and outlets |
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Term
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Definition
| Nonmetallic sheathed cable. consists of 2 or more plastic-insulated conductors & ground wire surrounded by moisture-resistant plastic jacket |
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Term
| Where can romex cable be used? |
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Definition
| in wood stud res buildings & buildings not exceeding 3 floors, as long as its used w/ wood studs & protected from damage by being concealed behind walls & ceilings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexible metal-clad cable. ), consists of 2 or more plastic insulated conductors encased in continuous spiral-wound strip or steel tape |
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Term
| WHere is BX/flex cable used? |
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Definition
| remodel work cuz can be pulled through existing space wi/ a building. used to connect comm. Light fixtures so can be located in suspended acoustical ceiling |
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Term
| In commercial construction & large multi family residential construction, where must individual plastic insulated conductors be placed? |
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Definition
| in metal conduit or other approved carriers |
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Term
| What does a metal conduit do? |
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Definition
| supports & protects wiring, serves as system ground, & protects surrounding const from fire if wire overheats or shorts |
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Term
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Definition
| A fairly new type of cabling. Thin,flat, protected wire that can be laid under carpet wo/protruding. Cable for both 120-volt circuits & phone lines available |
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Term
| What type of carpet must under carpet wiring be used with? |
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Definition
| carpet tiles so they are readily accessible |
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Term
| Where must outlets & other types of connections to power supply be made? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Steel or approved plastic boxes to which conduit or other cable syst attached. where light fixtures are connected to elec syst |
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Term
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Definition
| For single switches & duplex outlets, measure about 2” x 4”. Larger boxes are 4” square, and sev can be connected if there are more than 2 switches or 2 duplex outlets |
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Term
| Outlet codes for residential construction: |
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Definition
| , outlets must be spaced no more than 12’ apart. Must be duplex outlet on each wall surface where furniture might be placed so cords & the like don’t have to be stretched across door openings |
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Term
| In commercial projects where must special power outlets be placed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| own circuits for special power outlets. prevent various types of elec interference from disturbing sensitive elec equip (such as comp) connected to them |
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Term
| Dedicated circuits on electrical plan: |
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Definition
| These circuits should be clearly differentiated on plan & exact elec reqs of equip given to elec engineer |
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Term
| Circuits requiring a votage of more than how much must be identified & what type of equipment would require this? |
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Definition
| more than 120volts. Include outlets for elec ranges, clothes dryers, large copy mach, & other special equip |
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Term
| In addition to protection provided by circuit breakers in panel boxes that trip off if circuit is overloaded, what are the 2 other types of protection provided in elec wiring |
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Definition
| 1) Grounding 2) Ground Fault Interrupters |
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Term
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Definition
| a separate wire in addition to the 2 that provide power. • Prevents dangerous shock if someone touches an appliance w/ a short circuit & simultaneously touches ground path such as a water pipe |
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Term
| What does the grounding wire provide a path for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What problems can a ground fault create? |
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Definition
| cuz current required to trip circuit breaker is high & sml leaks of current can cont unnoticed until someone receives dangerous shock or fire develops |
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Term
| Ground Fault Interrupter: |
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Definition
devices that detect sml current leaks &
disconnect power to circuit or appliance. Can be pat of a circuit breaker or installed as an outlet. |
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Term
| Where are GFCIs required? |
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Definition
| outdoor outlets, in bathrooms, basements, kitchens, and other loc spec’d in Nat’l Elec Code |
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Term
| WHere are telephone & communication system requirements shown? |
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Definition
| usually on same plan as power outlets |
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Term
| Designer's responsibilities with phone/communication plan: |
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Definition
| showing loc of items like phones, intercommunication systs, public address speakers, buzzers, comp terminals, and simple equip |
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Term
| Responsibility of electrical engineer or contractor with telephone/communication plan: |
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Definition
| Determine Actual circuiting,wire sizes, &connections to central equipment |
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Term
| Requirements for phone & comm systems: |
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Definition
| Systems are low volt, so requirements for conduit & other protection aren't quite as stringent as for high-volt power. |
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Term
| Wiring locations for phone & comm systems: |
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Definition
| In many cases, outlet box provided @ connection in wall, & wire is run wi/walls & ceiling spaces wo/conduit. In some comm. Const all cable req to be protected in conduit to avoid having it catch fire or release toxic fumes in case of fire . Special plenum-rated cable avail that doesn’t req conduit (more expensive than stand cable |
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Term
| Where are electrical, phone, & comm outlets usually shown in residential construction? |
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Definition
| often shown on construction floor plan cuz install is fairly simple |
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Term
| Where are electrical, phone, & comm outlets usually shown in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| where floor plan may be crowded w/ other info, separate power plan used. In addition to showing outlets, exact dimensions are given if location is critical |
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Term
| Why are outlets sometimes shown on furniture plans? |
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Definition
| cuz most often relate to placement of desks, seating grps, & other furn |
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Term
| After a power plan is developed by a designer, what is next step? |
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Definition
| then used by elec engineer to draw elec plan |
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Term
| What information does electrical plan contain? |
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Definition
| all detailed info concerning circuiting, wire size, conduit size, panel boxes, & other req data |
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Term
| Why should designer have good understanding of plumbing basics & how to coordinate work w/existing building services? |
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Definition
| Plumbing can be a significant cost item & impose limits on space planning |
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Term
| 2 major plumbing components: |
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Definition
| 1)Water supply 2) Drainage systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Cold & hot water. In all plumbing installs, water is supplied under pressure to individual plumbing fixtures |
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Term
| Why are pipes relatively easy to locate wi/wall cavities, ceiling structure, & other areas to supply fixture? |
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Definition
| Because the water is supplied to individual fixtures, and the pipes are generally small. |
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Term
| Location of drainage systems: |
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Definition
| Present more difficult problem because work by gravity. Drain pipes must be sloped downward to carry waste, and vent pipes are required. |
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Term
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Definition
| First component attached to plumbing fixture. Usually located @ every fixture & designed to catch & hold qty of water to provide a seal that prevents gases from sewage system from entering building |
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Term
| Where are locations where traps aren't installed? |
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Definition
| fixtures that has traps as integral part of design, such as toilets, & where 2 or 3 adjacent fixture are connected such as double kitch sink |
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Term
| What are plumbing traps connected to? |
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Definition
| actual draining pipe, but also connected to vents |
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Term
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Definition
| pipes connected to drainage system @ various locations, open to outside air. |
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Term
| what 2 purposes is a vent designed to serve? |
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Definition
| 1) Allow built-up sewage gases to to escape instead of bubble through water in traps. 2) Allow pressure in system to equalize so discharging waste doesn’t create siphon that would drain water out of traps |
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Term
| Where does sewage travel from trap? |
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Definition
| in fixture branch lines to a vertical stack |
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Term
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Definition
| if stack carries away human waste from toilets |
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Term
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Definition
| if stack carries away waste other than human waste |
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Term
| 2 ways vents from individual fixtures are conected above fixtures: |
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Definition
| 1) stack vent 2) vent stack |
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Term
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Definition
| If vent connects to soil or waste stack above the highest fixture in system, portion of stack above this point is known as stack vent. It extends through the roof |
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Term
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Definition
| Separate pipe used for venting in multistory buildings. Either extends through roof or connects w/stack vent above highest fixture |
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Term
| WHy should plumbing fixtures be located close to existing plumbing lines? |
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Definition
| Because of cost of plumbing & necessity of sloping drainage pipes |
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Term
| What do plumbing lines include? |
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Definition
| horizontal lines or vertical risers that run continuously through multistory building |
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Term
| Minimum slope for drains: |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens if a pipe must be concealed with a floor space? |
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Definition
| slope & size of pipe itself will limit distance from fixture to a connection w/ a riser |
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Term
| Where is plumbing concentrated in a commercial building? |
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Definition
| in 1 area near core where it serves toilet rms, drinking fountains, and similar facilities |
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Term
| Why are wet columns used in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| To provide services to sinks, private toilets, & the like. |
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Term
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Definition
| areas, at structural column loc, where hot& cold supply & drainage risers are located. Individual tenants can tap into lines, if desired, wo/having to connect to more remote plumbing @ core of building |
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Term
| WHat happens sometimes if extensive plumbing work is required? |
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Definition
| Necessary pipes might not fit within space provided by standard partitions. So a plumbing chase would be required. Constructed w/ 2 sets of studs w/ space between large enough for pipes |
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Term
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Definition
| Drafted by mech engineer & represent piping & other comps w/ single line diagrams & stand drafting symbols |
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Term
| What is the most common type of fire protection: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Common in new const & consist of separate water sys supplied by sprinkler mains that connect to sprinkler pipes on ea floor that distribute water to ind sprinkler heads |
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Term
| Types of sprinkler visibility: |
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Definition
| recessed, upright, pendent, & sidewall |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth cover that's flush w/ceiling. WHen fire, cover falls away & sprinkler head lowers & activates. |
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Term
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Definition
| used w/ exposed plumbing & high, unfinished ceilings |
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Term
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Definition
| traditional types for finished ceilings, but head extends a few “ below ceiling |
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Term
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Definition
| used for corridors & sml rms when 1 row of sprinklers will provide adequate coverage for narrow spaces |
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Term
| WHere can horizontal sidewall sprinklers be plumbed from? |
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Definition
| Walls instead of from ceilings. It makes them good for remodel work |
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Term
| Designer's knowledge of sprinklers: |
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Definition
| doesn't design sprinkler system but should recognize req loc of sprink heads must be coordinated w/ other ceiling-mounted items |
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Term
| What may sprinkler pipes interfere with and why? |
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Definition
| Sprinkler pipes above ceiling require additional space sothat may interfere w/recessed lighting & other ceiling const |
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Term
| What is design & install of sprinkler system governed by? |
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Definition
| each local code, but most refer to standard published NFPA-13 |
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Term
| 3 grps NFPA-13 classifies relative fire hazard of buildings into: |
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Definition
| light, ordinary, & extra hazard |
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Term
| What determines required spacing of spriklers? |
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Definition
| The hazard class & other requirements |
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Term
| What types of facilities does light hazard include? |
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Definition
| residences, offices, hospitals, schools, & restaurants |
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Term
| Spacing of sprinklers in light hazard: |
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Definition
| 1 sprinkler for each 200 sq. ft or 225 sq ft if system designed according to certain methods. For open wood joist ceilings, area drops to 130 sq. ft. |
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Term
| What is the max spacing between sprinkler heads? |
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Definition
| 15' for 225 sq ft coverage required with max distance from wall being 1/2 the required spacing |
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Term
| WHo can designer work with to coordinate placemnt of sprinkler heads with other ceiling fixtures? |
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Definition
| fire protection engineer or fire protection contractor |
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Term
| What type of sprinkler system can be used if water would damage the contents in a room? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dry halon sprinkler system: |
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Definition
| Gas is releasted when system is triggered, that smothers fire while allowing peeps in space to breathe |
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Term
| What does vertical transportation include? |
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Definition
| stairs, elevators, and escalators (exam only covers stairways) |
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Term
| WHose responsibility is stair design? |
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Definition
| usually architect but sometimes designer must design them |
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Term
| Designer's concerns if elevators are being installed/remodeled: |
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Definition
| interior finishes of cab, elevator entrances, & signal system of call buttons and up/down lanterns |
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Term
| Code restrictions for stairways: |
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Definition
| restrictions on on rise & run of exit stairs as well as on handrail design & landings |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of egress achieving change in elevation by means of single riser |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't have definition for a step. A stair is one or more risers |
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Term
| Example of a future design change for jurisdictions adopting IBC: |
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Definition
| single step will req handrails on both sides, unlike current Uniform Building code |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in elevation having 2 or more risers |
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Term
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Definition
| series of 2 or more risers between 1 floor or landing and next |
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Term
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Definition
| flat portion immediately adjacent to either bottom or top of flight of stairs. Must be as wide as stairway they are serving |
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Term
| What is the first decision a designer makes when designing stairs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| How steps are arranged to get from one level to next |
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Term
| Most common stair configurations: |
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Definition
| straight runs, either in single line, L-shape, or U-shape |
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Term
| What does the exact layout of stair depend on? |
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Definition
| on space avail, where people have to start on one floor and end on the other, floor to floor dist, aesthetic concerns, & code reqs |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Winding 2)Circular 3) Spiral |
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Term
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Definition
| Have tapered treads that are wider at one end than other |
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Term
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Definition
| Have sides whose shape is a circular arc. Inside (smaller) arc can''t be less than twide the width of stair because would then be considered a winding staircase |
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Term
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Definition
| Use wedge-shaped treads that radiate from cent support column |
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Term
| Only place spiral staircases can be used as exit stairs: |
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Definition
| in private homes & private stairways of apartments, condos, and the like, and only if meet specific req. *IBC allows use if not a required staircase |
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Term
| What is 2nd decision designer makes in stair design? |
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Definition
| height of riser & length of tread |
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Term
| What dimensions are interrelated in stair design? |
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Definition
| height of riser & length of tread. For comfort & safety & based on normal adult stride |
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Term
| What happens as a stair riser gets lower? |
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Definition
| tread increases to maintain certain relationship |
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Term
| Why is the height of a riser generally determined first? |
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Definition
| 1st so each riser between floors is identical wi/ min & max code limitations. Then appropriate tread dimension calculated. |
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Term
| Most commen tread/riser formula: |
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Definition
| 2R+T=25 T(tread), R (riser) |
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Term
| What riser/tread dimension combination is most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does IBC limit most riser to? |
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Definition
| 7" for most stairways or 7.75" in residential |
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Term
| What is the minimum tread width by code? |
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Definition
| 11" or 10" in residential |
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Term
| What dimension should be used if riser height must be modified to equalize stairs between fixed floor ht? |
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Definition
| between 6" & 7" should be used |
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Term
| How far do nosings normally extend from back of tread? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why must nosings & handrails be designed according to certain requirements? |
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Definition
| To be accessable for physically disabled |
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Term
| Designer's structural knowledge: |
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Definition
| Should have working knowledge of structural elements and be able to read architect’s plan in order to make informed decisions based on variety of issues |
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Term
| Why can't existing structural supports generally be removed? |
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Definition
| takes great effort & expense |
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Term
| Why must designer how to identify struct element on plans & sections |
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Definition
| to plan spaces & locate other interior elements intelligently |
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Term
| What do bearing walls support? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| load bearing wall that supports things such as people, furniture, & snow |
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Term
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Definition
| load bearing wall that supports the weight of the structure itself |
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Term
| Why can't bearing walls be removed? |
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Definition
| Because of the nature as a structural support. They can only be pierced for doors & other openings if top of opening is framed w/ adequately engineered lintel or beam |
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Term
| What should a designer do if it's unclear if a wall is load bearing or not? |
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Definition
| an architect or struct engineer would be consulted if modifications contemplated |
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Term
| What walls are bearing in residential construction? |
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Definition
| usually exterior walls & some interior partitions |
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Term
| What is the procedure if a wall needs to be cut for a moderately sized opening? |
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Definition
| relatively simple matter to have add’l studs installed wi/ double header or other type of lintel |
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Term
| What is almost always a loadbearing wall in residential construction? |
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Definition
| 1st story exterior walls of a 2 story home |
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Term
| Do commercial buildings have fewer or more load bearing walls than residential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are most structures in commercial construction? |
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Definition
| some form of column and beam syst w/nonbearing infill |
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Term
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Definition
| nearly always structural and can’t be pierced except for sml openings for pipes |
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Term
| Where is load bearing in smaller commercial buildings? |
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Definition
| concrete walls and many masonry walls |
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Term
| What are buildings designed to accommodate? |
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Definition
| particular amount of live loads. Example: struc of res floors designed for live load of 40 lbs per sq/ft. , offices designed for 50lbs per sq/ft |
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Term
| What should designer do if designing space for use other than origional purpose & floor loading will be increased? |
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Definition
| , should consult w/ structural engineer to det if floor is capable of carrying add’l load, if not, to have add’l struc reinforcement engineered |
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Term
| What may floor construction limit? |
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Definition
| # & type of floor penetrations, if any possible @ all |
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Term
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Definition
| Minor items, such as core drill for an electrical conduit, to major items, such as reconstructions for stairways. |
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Term
| What do floors in a commercial building primarily consist of: |
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Definition
| poured in concrete, precast concrete, post-tension concrete, concrete on metal decking |
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Term
| Poured in concrete floors & ability to penetrate floors: |
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Definition
| Can be pierced for sml openings such as floor mounted elec box. For lrger openings, easiest types of concrete floors to cut are flat plates and flat slabs. o Ribs of waffle slabs can be cut for lrg openings, such as stairways, but diff & also req additional support to be places around cut |
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Term
| Where can't holes be cut in poured concrete floors ? |
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Definition
| where columns intersect floor or where beams located |
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Term
| What do larger holes require in poured concrete flooring? |
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Definition
| add’l struct support around opening, which must be designed by struct’l engineer |
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Term
| What does precast concrete consist of? |
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Definition
| factory made pieces. o High strength steel cables stretched in precasting forms before concrete is poured |
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Term
| In precast concrete assembly, what happens after concrete attains certain minimum strength? |
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Definition
| cables released & transfer compressive stresses to concrete |
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Term
| single tees & double tees (precast concrete): |
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Definition
| : stems are deep & contain prestressed cable, can’t be cut, so openings are limited to areas between tee sections |
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Term
| Hollow core slab (Precast concrete: |
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Definition
| Sml openings can be cut through existing cores but shouldn’t be cut through solid portion where prestressing cables located |
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Term
| Tendons (post-tension concrete): |
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Definition
| Post tensioning steel stressed after concrete has been poured in place & cured |
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Term
| Why can't the slabs in which tendons are located be cut (post tension concrete)? |
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Definition
| Since stressed under high pressure & keep this stress during the life of the building |
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Term
| Concrete on metal decking : |
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Definition
| Corrugated sheet steel supported by steel beams & columns & serves as working platform, the form for the concrete, & part of structural system |
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Term
| How is final rough floor created for concrete on metal decking flooring? |
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Definition
| Concrete poured over decking & leveled |
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Term
| Cutting holes in concrete on metel decking flooring: |
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Definition
| Because of nature of struct syst, fairly easy to have sml & moderately sized holes cut for conduit, ductwork, & the like. |
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Term
| What is done if larger penetrations are required for stairways or elevators for concrete on metal decking flooring? |
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Definition
| steel angles or beams can be placed around perimeter of cut to provide necess reinforcement |
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Term
| WHat can building movement be caused by? |
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Definition
| shrinkage of mat (like wood), compression of mats over time, deflection of mats under load (like floors), ground settling or heaving, earthquakes, swaying caused by wind, and expansion/contraction caused by temp differentials |
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Term
| Example of construction taking into account possible movement of building structure: |
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Definition
| interior partitions in comm. Const that attach to structural floors above & the perimeter of building should be designed w/ slip joints to allow the building to move slightly wo/ putting pressure on partitions |
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Term
| What can happen if partitions are rigidly attached to structure & slip joint not attached? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHere should similar type of slip joints be used in high rise buildings? |
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Definition
| where int partitions or other int const attaches to ext window wall mullion to allow for movement caused by wind |
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Term
| What are all building code classification types based on? |
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Definition
| fire-resistance ratings of various major components such as structure, ext walls, shaft enclosures, & permanent partitions |
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Term
| In commercial construction, what is the frame of the building protected with? |
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Definition
| fire-resistant construction rated from 1-3 hrs |
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Term
| What is the fire resistive rating & method of protection part of? |
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Definition
| architect's building design |
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Term
| What happens in Instances where designer may want to remove existing covering & replace w/something else |
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Definition
| New covering must provide same amount of fire protection as existing covering. Examples: replacing column/beam cover w/ another size or shape of cover or enclosing a new vert shaft (such as stairway or dumbwaiter) |
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Term
| 1' or 2' square air diffusers: |
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Definition
| commonly used in suspended acoustical ceilings because they fit wi/standard ceiling grids, & are easy to install, & inexpensive |
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Term
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Definition
| used when the appearance of the air distribution device needs to be minimized or when available space doesn't allow square diffuser. They are long & narrow. Usually used w/ wallboard ceilings to provide a trim, unobtrusive method of distributing air |
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Term
| 3 major objectives fire protection & life safety in buildings addresses: |
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Definition
| 1) protection of life 2) protection of property 3) restoration & continued use of building after fire |
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Term
| how is fire protection in buildings accomplished? |
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Definition
| preventing fires, early fire detection & alarm, providing for quick exiting of building occupants, containing fire, suppressing fire |
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Term
| what does fire prevention include? |
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Definition
| limiting products of combustion & other hazardous situations that could lead to starting a fire |
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Term
| how is fire containment achieved? |
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Definition
| through building materials, compartmentation, & smoke control |
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Term
| how is fire suppression achieved? |
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Definition
| through fire detection & alarms, sprinkler systems, standpipes, & other methods |
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Term
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Definition
| contain a fire & limit its spread, both to allow building occupants to escape & protect other parts of building that aren't initially subject to fire |
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Term
| benefits of compartmentation: |
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Definition
| can provide places of refuge where occupants can wait until fire is extinguished or until they can exit safely. Provides time for fire suppression, either by auto sprinklers or by fire fighting personnel |
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Term
| where do codes require fire separation? |
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Definition
| between diff occupanices, between use areas & exits, & between parts of building when max allowable area is exceeded. |
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Term
| what is one of most important aspects of fire protection? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are some elements to smoke control? |
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Definition
| containment, exhaust, & dilution |
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Term
| what are devices that seal openings in fire walls? |
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Definition
| fire dampers, gaskets on fire doors, & automatic closing fire doors |
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Term
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Definition
| responds to products of combustion-ionized particles rather than to smoke. Because they can detect particles froma a smoldering fire before the fire bursts into flames, they're considered early warning detectors |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to smoke, which obscures a light beam in a device. useful where potential fires may produce a great deal of smoke before bursting into flames |
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Term
| rise of temperature detectors: |
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Definition
| sense presence of heat & can be set to trip an alarm when a particular temp is reached in room. Disadvantage is that flames must usually be present |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to infrared or ultraviolet radiation given off by flames. Don't give an early warning of smoldering fires |
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Term
| where are detectors requireed? |
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Definition
| near fire doors, in exit cooridors, in individual hotel rooms, in bedrooms, & places of public assemly |
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Term
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Definition
| pipes that run height of building & provide water outlets @ each floor to which fire fighting hoses can be connected. Located wi/ stairway or, in case of pressurized enclosures, wi/vestibule |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordinary combustibles of paper, wood, & cloth. Fire extinguishers contain water or water-based agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve flammable liquids such as gasoline, solvents, & paints. Extinguishers contain smoldering types of chemicals like carbon dioxide, foam, & halogenated agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve electrical equipment, & corresponding extingusisher contains nonconductive agents |
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Term
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Definition
| Involve combustible metals |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to fire by expanding rapidly, insulating the surfaces they profect or filling gaps to prevent the passage of fire, heat, & smoke. Available in the form of strips, caulk, paint, & spreadable putty |
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Term
| What type of stairs are typically used for residential and what for commercial? |
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Definition
| residential: wood stairs, commercial: metal stairs |
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Term
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Definition
| large members span between columns, & smaller beams are framed into them. Girders span shorter distance, while beams span longer distance. Typical spans for the system are from 25'-40', w/beams spaced about 8'-10' on center. |
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Term
| why should the possibility of adding new mechanical ductwork or installing large recessed light fixtures be reviewed before final decisions are made about reflected ceiling plan in a beam & girder system? |
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Definition
| there is usually limited space between the bottom of the girders & the suspended ceilings |
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Term
| open web steel joist system: |
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Definition
| joists span between beams or bearing walls. Open joists can span from 20' -144'. |
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Term
| where do designers usually encounter open-web steel joists? |
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Definition
| in one story or low-rise buildings w/ wide column spacing. |
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Term
| why can mechanical & electrical service ducts, pipes, & conduits be easily incorporated in an open-web steel joist system? |
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Definition
| because the webs are open so can easily be run between the web members |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertical loads due to weight of building & any permanent equipment. Columns, beams, exterior & interior walls, floors, & mechanical equipment. |
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Term
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Definition
| wind loads & earthquake loads. May need to be taken into account if interior construction elements will be attached to the structure of the building or are required by code to resist earthquake loads |
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Term
| What are interior construction elements that may need to be detailed to resist earthquake forces? |
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Definition
| partitions that are tied to the ceiling or are over 6' high, suspended ceilings, HVAC ductwork, light fixtures, sprinkler & other piping, bookcases, storage cabinets & laboratory equipment, & access floors |
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Term
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Definition
| when a force is only applied suddenly. Example:Created by a large industrial punch press. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a load is applied suddenly or changes rapidly. Examples: Automobiles moving in parking garage, elevators traveling in a shaft, or a helicopter landing on the roof of a building |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement @ top can be caused by structural deflection of floor above, & movement @ perimeter can be caused by wind sway |
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Term
| What should designer know about expansion joint covers? |
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Definition
| they cannot be covered up w/ other finish material, nor should partitions or furniture be placed over them |
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Term
| What happens whenever a cut in a concrete floor is proposed? |
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Definition
| Reinforcing bars & other embedded items can be located by having the floor X-rayed near the proposed cut |
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Term
| Damage to steel protected w/spray-on fire-proofing: |
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Definition
| May be some damage when other construction elements are attached. But can easily be repaired to maintain the fire-resistant rating of the member |
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Term
| What aren't designers allowed to do regarding fire-resistive ratings? |
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Definition
| design, specify, or modify fire protection of structural systems |
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Term
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Definition
| nailed to outside of stud wall to stiffen the wall & provide a nailing base for the exterior finish material. |
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Term
| How long of a distance can joists normally span? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Used for 2-story construction. Wood studs one story high are placed on a sole plate at the bottom & spanned with a double top plate at the ceiling level. 2nd floor joists bear on the top plate &, when 2nd floor sheathing is in place, serve as a platform on which to erect the 2nd story walls & roof |
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Term
| Glued-laminated wood members/glulams: |
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Definition
| Built up from a # of individual pieces of lumber, which are glued together & finished under factory conditions for use as beams, columns, purlins, & other structural components. Used where larger wood members are required for heavy loads or long spans & simple sawn timber pieces aren't available or can't meet the strength requirements. |
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Term
| Alternative Structural Materials: |
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Definition
| I-shaped joist consisting of top & bottom chord of solid or laminated construction separated bya plywood web. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) : wood member manufactured w/ individual layers of thin veneer glued together. Used primarily for headers over large openings, & singly or built-up beams. Stronger than solid lumber of same dimensions |
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Term
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Definition
| machine used to cut a small opening in a concrete floor for conduit or poke through electrical outlets |
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Term
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Definition
| In a high-rise building, the wall generally used as part of the structure of the building & surrounding the common building services such as elevator & stairway shafts, toilet rooms, mechanical rooms, & the like. |
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Term
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Definition
| A stud above a door opening or below a windowsill |
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Term
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Definition
| light-gage sheets of steel that are ribbed, fluted, or otherwise stiffened by shape for use in constructing a floor or roof. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mix of portland cement, water, & sand, containing enough water to allow it to be poured or pumped into joints, spaces, & cracks within masonry walls |
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Term
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Definition
| framing member that crosses & supports the ends of joists, transferring the weight of the joist to parallel joists. Headers are used to form openings in wood-framed floors |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of timber laid horizontally |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal wood member that serves as base for studs in a stud partition |
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Term
|
Definition
| wood member in floor or roof used to support a header |
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