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NCIDQ
FF&E
237
Architecture
Professional
07/18/2010

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
FF&E:
Definition
Freestanding components that aren't physically attached to construction & that are usually purchased under a separate contract
Term
What are the 3 basic categories of furniture?
Definition
1) Ready made: purchased from a standard selection of a particular manufacturer 2)Custom designed 3)Built-in
Term
Will a specifier usually have a choice of fabric types, fabric colors, & wood finishes with ready made furniture?
Definition
YEs
Term
What is the advantage of ready made furniture?
Definition
Still 1000s of possible variations. Can look @ piece, touch it, sit in, have good knowledge of appropriateness before specified/purchased. Know cost, have guarantee, being able to judge quality
Term
What is the advantage of custom designed furniture?
Definition
allows owner/designer to get exactly what is wanted
Term
What is the disadvantage of custom designed furniture?
Definition
the burden of correctly designing the piece, having it manufactured, & being responsible for the ultimate quality is placed on the designer. It is usually more costly than a ready made item.
Term
Built-in furniture:
Definition
Custom designed furniture but it becomes part of the architectureal construction of a project
Term
What is the advantage of built-in furniture?
Definition
Makes more efficient use of space. often less expensive than ready-made furniture for same function. Design more consistent with architectural appearance of space.
Term
What is the disadvantage of built-in furniture?
Definition
It is less flexible & more difficult to change when styles change or when the room's function changes
Term
What must seating be appropriate for?
Definition
use, comfort, adaptable to wide range of body types/sizes, strong, & durable finish. Must be appropriate to overall design concept of space in which used
Term
What must be considered for tables?
Definition
Correct dimensions for function, sturdy support structure, durable surface, clor/texture gives correct light reflectivity for visual tasks performed
Term
How much space do people need along a table's edge to avoid crowding?
Definition
generally 24-30" per person
Term
Workstations:
Definition
single pieces of furniture/groups of components providing work surface/storage
Term
What is the most common type of workstation?
Definition
a traditional pedestal desk w/ drawers in base
Term
What are variations of workstations?
Definition
desk with typing or credenze return off to side or separte credenza behind desk
Term
What are the basic parameters for designing storage?
Definition
Knowing types & sizes of items to be stored, location of storage, how often items stored items will be accessed, visibility desired
Term
Beds:
Definition
Consist of mattress set & supporting framework whether simple as a platform base or elaborate system of bedposts, footboard, & headboard
Term
Systems furniture:
Definition
Collection of modular components designed to fit together in various ways to make up office work stations
Term
What does systems furniture consist of?
Definition
panels to divide work stations & define areas, work surfaces, storage units, lighting & wire management facilities
Term
What are the 3 basic varieties of systems furniture?
Definition
1)freestanding panels w/conventional freestanding furniture 2) Panels of various lengths & heights that link to provide support for work surfaces & storage units that are suspended from panels 3)self-contained L or U-shaped workstations that include work surfaces, storage, & other required components
Term
what is the advantage of systems furniture?
Definition
It makes more efficient use of space than private office layout
Term
What type of lighting is usually incorporated into systems furniture?
Definition
task lighting & sometimes ambient
Term
What are some of the selection criteras for furniture?
Definition
Must satisfy functional needs of intended use, Comfort, to meet major design elements, quality, finish selection, cost condiderations
Term
What must be considered to determine the functional needs of intended use of furniture?
Definition
purpose of piece, type of people using it, need for adjustability, finish requirements, durability, & size
Term
What is an example of a comfort consideration when selecting a chair?
Definition
the effect on the human body
Term
Why is furniture a major design element?
Definition
It affects the appearance of surroundings
Term
What are some things to consider to make sure furniture will fit within intended design?
Definition
Must be selected to be compatable w/size, & visual characteristics of space in which used. Qualities of scale, color, line, form, texture, & touch should be considered
Term
What do quality needs depend on?
Definition
usage, type of users, expected maintenance, & flammability
Term
What cost considerations must be considered with furniture?
Definition
life cycle costs and initional cost
Term
What is the advantage to using an expensive piece of furniture?
Definition
although more expensive, a well-built piece should last longer & require less maintenance than the less expensive piece
Term
What do fabric selections influence on furniture?
Definition
appearance, durability, & safety
Term
What are the 2 divisions of natural fibers?
Definition
1)cellulosic 2)protein
Term
Cellulosic fiber:
Definition
comes from plants
Term
protein fiber:
Definition
comes from animal sources
Term
Wool:
Definition
from fleece of sheep, 1 of best fibers for all types of fabric & carpet
Term
Although wool's individual fibers are weak, what is this compensated for by?
Definition
the yarn's excellent resilience
Term
Why is wool good for drapery/upoholstery?
Definition
the creases & crimps fall out easily for a smooth appearance
Term
Advantages of wool:
Definition
excellent elasticity & wears well, resistant to soiling & cleans easily, when exposed to flame will burn but self-extinguishing when removed
Term
What is the disadvantage of wool?
Definition
expensive & can be stretched so it isn't as dimensionally stable as some fabrics
Term
Cotton:
Definition
Cellulosic fiber comes from seed hairs of cotton plant
Term
What is the advantage of cotton:
Definition
inexpensive & has good tensile strength & moderately good abrasion resistance.
Term
What are the disadvantages of cotton?
Definition
has poor resilience & recovery properties, degrades under prolonged sunlight exposure, burns readily & subject to mildew
Term
Linen:
Definition
made from fibers of the flax plant. it is a bast fiber so dirived from the stalk of a plant, like jute, ramie, and hemp
Term
Why is linen seldom used for upholstery?
Definition
it lacks the resilience & flexibility & is susceptable to abrasion
Term
Does linen take printed dyes very well?
Definition
no
Term
What kind of linen is most linen?
Definition
Tow linen - made of short-staple fibers
Term
What is the benefit of tow linen?
Definition
it is dimensionally stable & resistant to fading
Term
What is linen most usuable for?
Definition
draperies & wall coverings
Term
Silk:
Definition
obtained from fibers spun by silk worms larvae
Term
What is the advantage of silk?
Definition
very strong & good resilience & flexibility. Finish & luster is generally highly valued
Term
What is the disadvantage of silk?
Definition
It is very expensive & degrades in sunlight
Term
Rayon:
Definition
regenerated cellulosic fiber
Term
What are the disadvantages of rayon?
Definition
poor resistance to sunlight & poor resiliency. high absorbency. low resistance to water & moisture. flammable. seldom used for upholstery
Term
Acetate:
Definition
regenerated cellulosic fiber composed of cellulose, acetic acid, & other chemicals
Term
What is the advantage of acetate?
Definition
it is low in cost
Term
What is the disadvantage of acetate?
Definition
flammable & doesn't wear well. poor sunlight resistance
Term
Triacetate (a variation of acetate):
Definition
has similar composition but higher ratio of acetate to cellulose to improve agin, flammability, & resistance to sunlight
Term
Acrylic Fiber:
Definition
often used as replacement for wool because of appearance
Term
What is the advantage of acrylic?
Definition
moderately good strength & resilience. resistant to sunlight
Term
What is the disadvantage of acyrlic?
Definition
it can be flammable
Term
How do modacrylics differ from acrylics?
Definition
have similar properties but much greater resistance to heat & flame
Term
Nylon:
Definition
one of the most popular synthetic fibers
Term
advantages of nylon:
Definition
exceptionally strong w/high resiliency & elasticity. resistant to many chemicals, water, & microorganisms
Term
How have the former problems of nylon been compensated ?
Definition
by chemical formulations
Term
why is nylon often combined with other synthetic/natural fibers?
Definition
to obtain the superior advantages of both
Term
advantages of Olefin:
Definition
inexpensive & highly resistant to chemicals, mildew, & microorganisms. Highly resilient & non absorbent
Term
What is olefin most useful for?
Definition
carpeting & carpet backing
Term
What makes olefin undesirable for upholstery?
Definition
its low resistance to sunlight, heat, & flame
Term
advantages of polyester:
Definition
good resilience & elasticity. high resistance to solvants & other chemicals. good resistant to sunlight
Term
disadvantages of polyester:
Definition
undesirable burning properties but can be treated to make more flame resistant. absorbs & holds oily materials
Term
What is selecting fabrics a matter of balancing?
Definition
functional & aesthetic requirements against cost & availability
Term
What are the important criterias for selecting fabrics?
Definition
durability, flammability, dimensional stability, maintenance, appearance, scale, and comfort
Term
how is fabric durability defined:
Definition
resistance to abrasion, fading, staining, & other mechanical abuses as well as cleanability
Term
What does the amount of abrasion-resistance a piece of upholstered furniture have depend on?
Definition
type of fiber, how yarn is made & applied to piece, fabrics backing, & undercushion
Term
How is the most durable upholstery achieved?
Definition
by using strong, smooth fibers like nylon/wool, having yarn tightly twisted, specified heavy thick fabrics, using close set weaves, employing relatively soft under cushions to allow fabric to flex under use
Term
What are some durability problems encountered with fabrics?
Definition
snagging, fuzzing, & pilling
Term
How can fabrics be enhanced to resist ignition & smoldering?
Definition
being treated with various chemicals
Term
Dimensional stability:
Definition
ability to retain shape & fit over cushioning wo/sagging, wrinkling, stretching, or tearing
Term
What should a fabric be resilient enough to do?
Definition
return to original shape after deformed by use
Term
What is a critical element of dimensional stability?
Definition
making sure that fabric & cushions are appropriately matched
Term
What can happen if a fabric is inappropriately matched with a cushion?
Definition
cushion that allows for more deformation than certain fabric can resist and will cause problems
Term
What are the 3 ways that fabric is often attached to a cushion?
Definition
1)buttoning 2) tufting 3)channeling
Term
buttoning:
Definition
secures fabric to cushion w/ lightly tensioned button & thread
Term
Tufting:
Definition
button pulled tightly agaisnt cushion resulting in deeply folded surface
Term
Channeling:
Definition
secures fabric to cushion in parallel rows
Term
What fabric maintenance issue must be considered?
Definition
an ongoing program of regular maintenance
Term
What appearance consideration is necessary for fabric selection?
Definition
must consider both other materials used in furniture & materials being used in space adjacent to furniture
Term
How must scaled be considered during fabric selection?
Definition
size of fabric textures & pattern in relationship to piece of furniture & to space in which used
Term
how should comfort be considered for fabric selection?
Definition
must be appropriate for intended use & ergonomic requirements
Term
How can fabric & cushioning affect comfort?
Definition
by their porosity, resilence, surface texture & finish
Term
highly porous fabric:
Definition
Can breath & is more comfortable for long periods of sitting or where temperature & humidity are high
Term
WHat do cushion and seaming affect with furniture?
Definition
comfort, warability, & flammability
Term
WHat are common cushioning materials?
Definition
cotton batting, polyester batting, polyurethane foam, latex foam, rubberized fibers, & shredded fibers
Term
How can cushioning materials be used?
Definition
alone or in cushions placed on coiled or sinuous spring support
Term
What type of cushioning presents a particularly high fire hazzard?
Definition
untreated cellular plastic cushioning
Term
What types of foam are considered untreated cellular plastic cushioning?
Definition
polyurethane, polystyrene, poly ethylene, polypropylene, PVC, ABS, celluloseacetate, epoxy, phenolic, urea, silicone, & foamed latex
Term
What type of batting is dangerous when cigarette ignition resistance is required?
Definition
untreated cellulosic batting such as cotton batting
Term
If flammibility resistance is a high priority what batting is a better choice?
Definition
polyester batting
Term
Padding types from most resistant to cigarette ignition to least:
Definition
neoprene & combusion modified poly urethane, poly batting, smolder-resistant/flame resitant poly foam, mixed fiber batting, untreated poly foam, cellulosic batting, latex foam
Term
What is one of the most important flammability considerations for upholstery?
Definition
smoldering resistance & cigarette ignition resistance
Term
What is smoldering resistance/cigarette ignition resistance affected by?
Definition
combo of fabric material, cushioning, seating construction
Term
Where should you avoid using welts and what can you use instead?
Definition
On surfaces where cigarettes may be dropped. can use railroading seaming instead
Term
railroading seaming:
Definition
application of fabric to furniture so no intermediate seam detail. also used when vertical stripes must run horizontally
Term
How can upolstery be safely enhanced in 2 ways?
Definition
1) Flammability minimized by treating cushion material with 1 of several chemicals 2)Liners can be used between fabric & cushion to provide barrier that slows pread of heat/flame from fabric to cushion
Term
WHat is an example of how flammability was minimized by treating cushion material w chemicals?
Definition
cotton batting & poly foam can be treated to increase resistance to smoldering & flame spread
Term
What are the 3 performance criteria for assessing a foam cushions comfortability/wearability?
Definition
1)density 2)indention load deflection 3)support ratio
Term
density:
Definition
mass per unit volume. normally expressed in pounds per cubic feet
Term
does a high density foam provide a firm cushion
Definition
not necessarily
Term
Indentation load deflection:
Definition
measures firmness.
Term
indentation load deflection rating:
Definition
a metal plate 8" dia is pushed against sample of foam 4"thick. The # of pounds required to compress foam down to 1" (25%)is ILD rating
Term
Higher IDR rating"
Definition
firmer foam
Term
if ILD 25< =
Definition
soft foams
Term
if ILD is 25-50 =
Definition
considered firm
Term
If ILD <50 =
Definition
considered very firm
Term
support ratio:
Definition
force required to compress foam sample to 65% of original thickness to force required to compress sample to 25% of origional thickness
Term
higher support factor =
Definition
better ability to support weight
Term
Where are high support ratios from 2.25-5.0 used?
Definition
medical, institutional, & assembly seating
Term
Where are moderate firmness cushions w/support ratios from 2.0-2.5 used?
Definition
for light to medium use seating
Term
where are support ratios below 2.0 used?
Definition
for backs of chairs & booths
Term
What kind of cushioning permits fabric to give & resists the grinding action of normal use?
Definition
soft undercushioning
Term
What happens to fabric when it is pulled tightly over sharp corners or welts
Definition
the frabric is quickly abraded
Term
Flammability standards:
Definition
test methods developed to set standards for the flammability of upholstery & fabrics used for interior applications
Term
What do flammability test methods define?
Definition
limits on materials flammability in terms of 1 or more characteristics: resist ignition, resist to flame spread, resist to smoldering, prevention of smoke development, prevention of heat contribution to growth of fire, prevention of toxic gas release
Term
What are the common used tests for furniture & finishes?
Definition
vertical ignition test, cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components, cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites, full seating test
Term
Vertical ignition test:
Definition
establishes 2 procedures for testing flammabiity of draperies, curtains, or window treatments. assesses propagation of flame beyond area exposed to ignition source
Term
what is test 1 of the vertical ignition test?
Definition
procedure for assessing response of fabrics ligher than 21 ounce per sq yd individually & in multilayer composites
Term
What is text 2 of the vertical ignition test?
Definition
for fabrics weighing more than 21 ouce/sq yd such as blackout linings, awnings, tents, similar achitectural fabric structures & banners
Term
What is the vertical ignition test appropriate for testing?
Definition
materials exposed to air on both sides
Term
What is an equivalent test to the vertical ignition test?
Definition
UL214, test for flame Propagation of fabrics & films
Term
Cigarette iginition resistance test of furniture components:
Definition
tests resistance of upholstered furniture components, separately, to flame & cigarette ignition
Term
What are the separate fill materials that are tested by the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components?
Definition
expanded polystyrene beads, cellular materials, feathers, nonartificial fillings, artificial fiber fillings *tested separately for a variety of characteristics
Term
Cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites:
Definition
tests resistance of seat cushions mock-up (including foam, liner, & fabric) to a lit cigarette
Term
What does the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites determine?
Definition
how composite materials (padding & covering) react to a lit cigarette
Term
when does a cushion fail the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture components?
Definition
if it breaks into flame or if char more than 2" long develops
Term
What is the cigarette ignition resistance test of furniture composites not intended to measure?
Definition
performance of upholstered furniture uner conditions of exposure to open flame
Term
Out of the BIFMA classifications, which one is most resistant to charring?
Definition
class A
Term
Full seating test:
Definition
evaluates effect of open flame on actual sample of chair
Term
What does the full seating test measure?
Definition
rate of heat & smoke released, total amount of heat/smoke released, concentration of carbon oxides, & others
Term
What is the most important measure of the full seating test?
Definition
rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated
Term
Char:
Definition
material remaining from incomplete combustion
Term
Fire resistance:
Definition
property of a material or assembly to withstand fire or give protection from it
Term
Flammable:
Definition
capable of burning w/ a flame & subject to easy ignition & rapid flamming combustion
Term
fame resistance:
Definition
ability to withstand flame impingement or give protection from it
Term
flame retardent:
Definition
should only be used as modifier with defined compound terms such as flame-retardant treatment. as nouns shouldn't be used unless its describing a chemical used for that purpose
Term
smoldering:
Definition
combustion wo/flame that may burn for a relatively long time while generating smoke, toxic gases , & heat
Term
What are some tests that measure wearability of a fabric?
Definition
abrasion resistance tested w/ Wyzenbeek or Tabor tests. Fading is measured in machine called Fade Ometer
Term
Wyzenbeek test:
Definition
sample of fabric is rubbed back & forth w/a cloth covered or wire scrren covered roller several 1000s imes in both directions
Term
taber test:
Definition
involves mounting sample of fabric on a platform & exposing it to the revolutions action of 2 abrasive wheels
Term
What is the # of revolutions the fabric withstands before breaking a yarn is called what in the taber test?
Definition
rating
Term
Fade Ometer:
Definition
exposes fabric to ultraviolet light @specific humidity levels. It tests color loss @ intervals of 20 hrs
Term
What is considered a minimum rating for most fabrics (Fade ometer)?
Definition
80 hrs exposure w/color loss
Term
Business & institutional furniture manufacturers association:
Definition
developed several standards for office furnishings. includes standards for general purpose office chairs, lateral files, vertical files, lounge seating, desk products, & panel system
Term
Avora FR:
Definition
polyester yarn that uses modified polymer so it is permanently flame resistant regardless of wear or # of washings. Fabrics made w/this fiber are easy to clean, abrasion resistant, crease proof, & dimensionally stable, don't retain odors or support bacteria
Term
Crypton:
Definition
engineered fabric made by patented process of immersion in a chemical solution followed by a heat set to form a durable coating on the face. Given a polyurethane chemical spray on the back
Term
benefits of crypton:
Definition
stain, water, flame, & bacteria resistant
Term
Uses for crypton:
Definition
upholstery, wall coverings, bedspreads, shower curtains, etc. Good choice for healthcare facilities & retirement communities, where durability & fire resistance are important qualities
Term
Gore seating protection:
Definition
upholstery fabric lamination & treatment process that applies a breathable moisture barrier to back of a fabric & a topical coating to the front of the fabric
Term
Heath concerns for halogenated flame retardants:
Definition
found to cause neurological, developmental, & reproductive damage in lab animals & to persist in environment
Term
where are halogenated flame retardants (poly-brominated diphenyl ethers) used?
Definition
furniture, textiles, & other building materials & comes in a variety of types
Term
what must happen when designer is specifying flame-retardant chemicals?
Definition
must verify which chemicals are being used & avoid those that may create health or environmental problem
Term
List fabric types from most resistant to fire to least resistant when untreated:
Definition
wool, silk, modacrylic, nylon, olefin, polyester, acrylic, acetate, cellulosic fibers
Term
Flexible polyurethane foam:
Definition
one of common types of cushioning available in densities ranging from .8 lbm/ft (3rd power) up to 6.0 lbm/ft (3rd power)
Term
What density does most upholstered furniture use?
Definition
in range of .9 lbm/ft (3rd power) to 2.5 lbm/ft (3rd power)
Term
How can you tel a durable & more expensive foam?
Definition
the higher the density is
Term
who tests specific aspects of fabric wearability & durability?
Definition
American Association of Textile Chemists & colorists & the Chemical Fabrics & Film Association
Term
Martindale abrasion test:
Definition
determines the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics, generally w/ a pile depth of less than .08"
Term
Fade-Ometer test:
Definition
determines the colorfastness, under light exposure of textile materials using 6 different test options. Most common test option uses xenon-arc lamp w/ continuous light
Term
what is a minimum rating for color loss?
Definition
for most fabrics, 80 hrs of exposure wo/ color loss
Term
Crocking resistance test:
Definition
determines the resistance of a colored textile to transfer its color from its surface to other surfaces by rubbing
Term
Tearing strength test, tongue method:
Definition
measures the tearing resistance of fabrics after an initial cut has been made in the fabric
Term
Bacterial resistance test:
Definition
detects bacteriostatic activity on textile materials
Term
First 3 aspects taken by designers regarding material & finish selection should be documented?
Definition
1)obtain as much info as possible about the products being reviewed. 2)Inform the client of the products being selected, & notify the client of any potential problems or risks. Ask the manufacturer or manufacturer's rep specifically about any potential problems w/ the product or any situations where product install has failed. 3)For each item on list of comparable projects, obtain owner's name, name of design professional responsible, & installing contractor's name
Term
Next 4 aspects taken by designers regarding material & finish selection should be documented?
Definition
1)Follow manufacturer's recommendations for detailing & specifications, & obtain written approval of the specs from the manufacturer. 2) If proper install of the product is critical, make @ least 1 visit to the site to verify that correct install procedures are followed 3) If install particularly difficult or specialized, require manufacturer provide a field rep to observe the install & to certify that product has been installed according to manufacturer's recommendations 4)Investigate the production capability & financial condition of the manufacturer, distributor, & installing contractor
Term
For material/finishes,who should the shop drawings be prepared by if appropriate?
Definition
by the manufacturer or installing contractor, & require that the shop dwg be approved by both parties
Term
5 broad criteria for the selection of material & finishes:
Definition
1)function 2) durability 3)maintainability 4)safety/heath 5)cost
Term
Acoustic Qualities (function):
Definition
material's ability to absorb sound or to block the transmission of sound
Term
How is sound absorption measured?
Definition
in the noise reduction coefficient
Term
what might be acoustically important in an open -plan office design?
Definition
articulation class of ceilings
Term
Aesthetics of materials/finishes(function):
Definition
One of 1st criteria considered by the designer. Appearance must be balanced with all the other technical & cost criteria
Term
Availability of materials (function):
Definition
how easily a product can be obtained and if it can be delivered to the job site in time to maintain the overall project schedule
Term
Choice (criteria for selection - function):
Definition
of color, texture, & other visual characteristics vary depending on what manufacturers offer
Term
Installation method (choice criteria - function):
Definition
precise sequence of steps needed to place the material or product into the work
Term
what can installation methods of a product affect?
Definition
cost & scheduling of a material & whether skilled workers will be required or not
Term
what does durability relate to?
Definition
the serviceability of the product or material when in use.
Term
abrasion resistance:
Definition
ability of a materail or finish to resist being worn away or to maintain its original appearance when rubbed with another object
Term
Attachement (durability factor):
Definition
method by which one material is connected to another. This criterion can have significant influence on product selection, depending on the substrate
Term
blocking resistance:
Definition
capability of a material to resist adhesion or sticking between 2 surfaces of a wall covering
Term
Breaking strength (durability factor):
Definition
load that, when placed on a material , is just great enough to break the material
Term
what does breaking strength usually refer to in interior design?
Definition
fabrics & other textiles where the load is applied in the plane of the material, with material laid flat. May also apply to tile, stone, & other materials subjected to a localized load
Term
chemical resistance (durability factor):
Definition
material's resistance to damage, change of finish, or other deleterious changes resulting from exposure to chemicals
Term
what do most manufacturers state regarding chemical resistance?
Definition
which chemicals their products are resistant to
Term
Coating adhesion (durability factor):
Definition
the ability of a thin coating, like wall covering or paint, to adhere to its substrate
Term
Cold cracking resistance (durability factor):
Definition
resistance of coated or decorative surfaces to cracking when they are exposed to low temperatures.
Term
Colorfastness(durability factor):
Definition
resistance of a finish to change or loss of color when exposed to light, most commonly the ultraviolet light of the sun
Term
Corrosion resistance (durability factor):
Definition
product's resistance to deterioration by a chemical or electrochemical reaction resulting from exposure to moisture, chemicals, or other lements
Term
when is corrosion typically a problem?
Definition
when metal products are exposed to moisture
Term
crocking resistance (durability factor):
Definition
material's resistance to the transfer of color from a wall covering surface when rubbed
Term
Fabrication quality(durability factor):
Definition
measure of how well a product is assembled in the factory.
Term
what 3 grades of fabrication quality is woodwork divided into?
Definition
1)economy 2)custom 3) premium by the Architectural Woodwork Institute
Term
Heat-aging resistance (durability factor):
Definition
wall covering's resistance to the deterioration caused by high temperatures over an extended time.
Term
Lightfastness (durability factor):
Definition
ability of paint or other finishes to resist loss of color when exposed to sunlight
Term
Scrubbability (durability factor):
Definition
materials ability to be cleaned repeatedly w/a brush & detergent
Term
Shrinkage(durability factor):
Definition
decrease in dimension when a material is exposed to moisture - mostly applied to fabrics
Term
stain resistance (durability factor):
Definition
material's resistance to change in appearance after the application & removal of another material
Term
Strength/structure(durability factor):
Definition
inherent ability of a product to withstand any loads that may be placed on it.
Term
Extent of strength/structure of a product:
Definition
as simple as ability of one part of a detail to support the weight of another part of a detail, or as complex as ability of a product or detail to withstand complex gravity & wind loads that may require a structural engineer to calculate
Term
tear resistance, or tear strength (durability factor):
Definition
resistance of a thin material, like fabric, to the propagation of an existing tear
Term
Washability (durability factor):
Definition
material's ability to be cleaned repeatedly with a sponge & detergent solution to remove surface dirt.
Term
Cleanability (maintainability factor):
Definition
ease with which a material can be cleaned using whatever methods are appropriate for the material. * one of the most important criteria to consider when selecting finishes
Term
Repairability (maintainability factor):
Definition
product or material's ability to be repaired when damaged. Designer should avoid details that make it difficult/expensive to replace one of the component parts
Term
Resilience (maintainability factor):
Definition
material's capacity to recover its original size & shape after deformation caused by some load . Typically applied to soft floor covering
Term
Self-healing(maintainability factor):
Definition
material's ability to return to its original configuration after it has been deformed or temporarily changed. Similar to resilience but may apply to any type of product (example - holes in corkboard after pins removed)
Term
sustainability (maintainability factor):
Definition
meeting the needs & wants of the present generation wo/harming or compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
Term
what does sustainable design involve?
Definition
the design, operation, & reuse concepts that together can created functional, healthy, nonpolluting, & environmentally friendly buildings wo/ compromising practical requirements or human comfort.
Term
what should designer look at when evaluating products for sustainability?
Definition
recycled content, recyclability, energy consumption, & life cycle assessment
Term
what does safety relate to?
Definition
prevention of accidental harm to people & security from intentional harm
Term
Finish safety (safety/health factor):
Definition
Relates to the surface & edge condition of products. Should be no sharp projections, edges, or surfaces rough enough to cut or abrade when people come in contact with the product
Term
Flammability (safety/health factor):
Definition
liklihood that material will combust, one of most important criteria for material & finish selection
Term
how is flammability rated for most materials?
Definition
in terms of flame spread, smoke developed, & fuel contributed
Term
what is the most common test developed for flame spread & smoke?
Definition
the Steiner Tunnel Test, ASTM E 84
Term
Mold and Mildew resistance (safety/health factor):
Definition
important to prevent growth of microscopic organisms.
Term
why are many materials inherently susceptible to growth of mold & mildew?
Definition
cause they provide an organic nutrient that when combined w/moisture & a suitable temp, will provide a growing medium for these biological contaminants
Term
outgassing(safety/health factor):
Definition
release of toxic gasses from materials, most commonly after the material has been installed
Term
Security (safety/health factor):
Definition
providing protection against theft, vandalism, intentional physical harm, or a combo of all three
Term
what are common products that are available w/ various levels of security?
Definition
doors, glazing, & hardware
Term
slip resistance(safety/health factor):
Definition
ability of flooring material to help prevent accidental slipping. Commonly measured with the Coefficient of Friction
Term
Volatile organic compound emission(safety/health factor):
Definition
result when chemicals that contain carbon & hydrogen vaporize at room temperature & pressure
Term
where are VOCs found?
Definition
in many indoor sources such as paint, sealants, & carpeting
Term
What are the 2 aspects of cost?
Definition
1)initial cost 2)life-cycle cost
Term
first cost:
Definition
initial amount of money required to purchase & install a product
Term
life-cycle cost:
Definition
entire cost of a product over its life or the life of the building & includes initial cost, maintenance costs, energy costs, financing costs, & replacement costs
Term
Best source for information on materials & finishes:
Definition
manufacturers:provide designer w/ promotional literature, ful product catalogs, & [ersonal advice via manufacturer's reps, telephone & email.
Term
Sweets Catalog:
Definition
multivolume catalog publication organized according to CSI's MasterFormat numbering system - to compare similar products
Term
2 leading standard orgs in U.S.:
Definition
American Society for Testing Materias. & American National Standars Institute
Term
Why is it important to document the decision making process involved w/ selecting materials, finishes, & furnishings?
Definition
Required for client's review, as backup info for billing, & to guard against claims of negligence
Term
Negligence:
Definition
Failure to use the care ordinarily exercised in similar cases by other qualified members of the profession & the failure to use reasonable judgment in the exercise of work
Term
What form can documentation take?
Definition
any written form, including letters or emails to & from manufacturers or manufacturer's representatives, comparison charts evaluating similar products, product catalogs, personal notes, & other correspondence to anyone involved in the product selection process
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