Term
|
Definition
| short section of DNA that codes for a particular characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical expression of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polypeptide chain made up of specific sequence of aa. Each protein has unique function, a physical expression of what gene codes for. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Alternative form of a gene
- Genes occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- 2 parents
- Adaptive advantage, produces more varied genetic information in offspring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Offspring have identical genetic information
- Fast
- Favourable environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Homologous pair of chromosomes (have the same genes but maybe different alleles)
- One from father, one from mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water + carbon dioxide glucose + oxygen
• Light dependant stage (Stroma)
• Carbon Fixation (grana) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose+ oxygen carbon dioxide +water +ATP +heat
• Glycolosis – cytoplasm
• Krebs cycle (Matrix)
• Electron Transport chain (christae)
• Anaerobic (Glycolosis) anaerobis respiration (severely less energy produced) |
|
|
Term
| P/sis (movement of materials) |
|
Definition
• Water going in osmosis (passive)
• Carbon dioxide going in facilitated diffusion (80% faster) and diffusion (passive)
• Oxygen coming out (facilitated diffusion & diffusion)
• Glucose- made into starch (maintains conc gradient); translocated as sucrose around plant- active transport and diffusion depending on location (ie. Concentration gradient) |
|
|
Term
| respiration (movement of materials) |
|
Definition
• Excess water diffuses out of cell (most water used inside cell)
• Glucose coming in pyruvate transported into mitochondria (active transport – too big to go through membrane)
• CO2 going out facilitated &simple diffusion (passive)
• O2 coming in- diffusion simple + facilitated (passive) |
|
|
Term
| cell division (movement of materials) |
|
Definition
| • Movement of free nucleotides from the nucleolus to the nucleus of cells for DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Temperature- enzyme activity
• pH- enzyme activity
• nutrient availability resulting in concentration of enzyme
• availability of raw products for photosynthesis (conc of substrate) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting respiration |
|
Definition
• As for factors affecting enzyme activity
• Poison/inhibiters- gets int he way of active site/changes it's shape so can no longer fit with substrate
• Availablilty of Co-enzyme A (involved in Krebs cycle – allows membrane transport) |
|
|
Term
| Factors affecting cell division |
|
Definition
• Temperature affects enzyme activity in DNA replication
• Mutagens – cancer cells
• Availability of nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| Cell division (details of process) |
|
Definition
• Nucleotides move out of nucleolus to nucleus via active transport
• Cell life cycle (interphase etc..)
• Mitotic stages |
|
|
Term
| P/sis cell size and shapes |
|
Definition
• Green leaf cells, access to sunlight and easy diffusion of gasses
• Pallisade layer, 1 layer thick, allowing maximum absorption of sunlight in these cells where chloroplast conc in the highest. |
|
|
Term
| respiration cell size and shape |
|
Definition
• Almost all cells through throughout every eukaryotic organism have mitochondria.
• Cells with high energy requirement may be small and shaped to increase SA:vol ration to diffusion is more efficient |
|
|
Term
| cell division (cell size and shape) |
|
Definition
| • As cell size increases, cells must divide in order to maintain SA:Vol ratio. Hight SA:vol ration = more efficient diffusion into the cell |
|
|
Term
| P/sis type and number of organelles |
|
Definition
• Chloroplasts close to cell edges
• More concentrated in palisade layer of cells |
|
|
Term
| respiration type and number of organelles |
|
Definition
• Mitochondria, more in cells with a hight energy requirement (eg. Muscle cells), Mitochondria close to cell edges (diffusion of gasses)
• Mitochondria in high ATP requiring cells will have more christae (increase SA for many reactions to take place) |
|
|
Term
| Type and number of organelles: cell division |
|
Definition
• Cell division process therefore rapidly dividing cells need an increased number of mitochondira for ATP production.
• Rapidly dividing cells include meristematic cells, cambium, growth plates, bone marrow, embryonic growth.
• Centrioles become visible during this process. |
|
|
Term
| P/sis: structure of cell/organelles |
|
Definition
• Chloroplast external and internal structure give higher Surface area which is better for diffusion and reactions.
• The shape of the organelle is disk shaped which increases SA:Vol ratio thus allowing for rapid diffusion of gasses into and out of chloroplast.
• Stack of thylakoid membrane increases SA thus increasing the surfa |
|
|
Term
| respiration: structure of cell/organelles |
|
Definition
• Mitochondria internal and external shape gives higher SA, better for diffusion and reactions.
• Shape of organelle (sausage shaped) increases SA:Vol ratio thus allowing for increased diffusion of gasses water and pyruvate.
• Folds of membrane called cristae increase the SA available for the ETC where the majority of ATP is produced. |
|
|
Term
| cell division: Structure of cell/organelles |
|
Definition
| • Prior to mitosis, chromosomes condense and become visible. Chromosomes each have two chromatids due to replication. |
|
|
