- position where the person sees themselves as the weak partner in a relationships as others in life are better than the self

- person holds this position will unconsciously accept abuse as OK

- most pessimistic life position, person feels they're in a terrible state and rest of the world is as bad -- no hope

- could result in schizoid behavior

- worse case scenario, tendency to kill someone else and then take one's own life

- in this position one feels good about themself but I see others as damaged/less than

- it is usually not healthy

- aspirational ethics

- mandatory ethics

1 - Case Conceptualization

2 - Program/organizational consultation

- autocratic/authoritarian

- democratic

- laissez-faire

"NOIR"

- Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

1)Placating: try to please everybody out of fear of rejection, sacrificing personal needs to deal with stress

2)Blaming: sacrificing others to feel good, point fingers at others to avoid dealing with own issues

3)Being Overly Reasonable: engage in defense mechanisms like intellectualization, emotionally detached

4)Being Irrelevant: distracts from problem/talks about irrelevant topics

1 - Aphasia

2 - Apraxia

3 - Agnosia

4 - General Executive Functioning Impairment

1- I'm Not Okay-You're Okay

2- I'm Not Okay-You're Not Okay

3- I'm Okay-You're Not Okay

4- I'm Okay, You're Okay

- Inter-rater/observer reliability: different observers give consistent estimates of the same phenomenon  

- Test-retest: consistency of a measure from one time to another

- Parrellel forms: consistency of the results of two levels constructed the same way from the same content

- Internal Consistency: assess of results across items within a test

1 - the physical (umwelt)

2 - the relationship (mitwelt)

3 - Identity(eigenwelt)

4- spiritual (uberwelt)

Content, Construct, Concurrent, Predictive, Consequential validity

(and technicaly face validity)

- reliable

- but not valid

- withdrawal designs

(simplest type of single-subject research)

- disorder where there is a significant problem with attention, hyperactivity, or acting impulsivley that are not appropriate for a person's age

Begin by ages 6-12

"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"

- analysis of covariance

- similar to the ANOVA except the IV are controlled (think "c" for control)

- the control is added to 'control' for confounding/extraneous variables

- Example: Women scoring differently than men on an exam because of innate differences/gender roles. Controlling to create an equal baseline for the groups who take the test would occur (i.e. changing the test to not have confounds and men have equal opportunity).

- use when you have 1 DV and 1 IV at THREE OR MORE LEVELS (aka factors)

- Ex: Levels of thraining the counselor has. IV - 3 levels (Masters Degree-LPC, Masters Degree-LSW, Psychology Doctorate-PhD) with the DV of client self-esteem

- test will yield and f-value, compare it to F-distribution table: if it is larger than the critical value (value in the table) then you score is significant

- comparing means of 1 IV (w/ 2 kinds and 3 or more levels) and 1 DV

- also called a 2x3 ANOVA

- Implies that you are adept at the skill at the present moment

- asseses skills learned previously

- ex: GRE, ACT, ISAT, Basic Skills

- attend to client's verbal and nonverbal messsages

- then reflect back to her what you have heard & observed

- from this client knows that their message has been understood and accurate

- a family's ability to change or display flexibility in order to change

- balanced stability/change and morphostasis/mophogenesis 

- greek for "absence of knowledge"

- loss of ability to recognize objects, ppl, sounds, shapes or smells while the specific sense is not defective nor is ther any significant memory loss

- only affects the single modality of vision or hearing

- impairment from Dementia

- dementia involving gradual onset of symptoms and a slow, progressive decline in cognitive functioning

- early symptoms: deficits in memory and irritablity

- late onset: after 65 years of age, more common than early.

- impairment in the ability to learn new information or to recall previously learned info/past events

- caused by a general medical condition OR substancea abuse.  

- child who was seperated from her mother at age 6 months

- retarded growth, poor physical health, high susceptibly to disease; and deficits in motor & cognitive development

- men's feminine side

(Jung - Analytic)

- women's masculine side

(Jung - Analytic)

- greek for speechlessness

- distrubance of the comprehension and formulation of language cause by dysfunction in brain

- could be having difficulty remembering words to losing the ability to speak, read or write... this also affects the visual language such as sign language

- impairment from Dementia

- aka "action research" or "experience-near research"

- conducted to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in terms of practical application

- process of assessing/estimating attributes

- testing clients

- ex: survey, observations, or clinical interviews

- greek for "act, work, or deed"

- inability to execute learned purposeful movements, despite having the desire/physical capacity to perform the movements

- disorder of motor planning, not caused by incoordination, sensory loss, or failure to comprehend simple commands

- impairment from Dementia

- speculates ability to learn skills with proper training and experience

- or :measure potential"

- USE: ONET for career

- Asperger's Disorder = LESS social deficits severity

- Asperger's: prognosis is usually more positive, age of onset is later, and verbal IQ scores are higher than performance IQ scores

- family with limited income and can't affort to pay

- you agree to see the family for free (pro bono)

- describe ideal/optional practice

- Disorder characterized by a marked impairment in social interaction and verbal/nonverbal communication.

- There is a presence of restricted, repetative, or stereotyped behavior.

- Apparent before 3 years of age in children.

- leader gives orders to the group, facilitates

- good for aggressive children behaviors

- good for when an immediate decision needs to be made

- refers to changing self

- approach to counseling: helps the client change him/herself

- postulates a move from cognitive inconsistency to consistency

- a tendency to achieve a balanced cognitive state

-Clients exchange a good/service for treatment or testing

- ethics allow the practice if the client requests it, then write up a contract

- the relationship is not exploited

- merely a measure of the behavior prior to the treatment or when treatment is not being implemented

- signified via "A"

- "in vivo" interpersonal work with a sense of belonging

- cost effective and help greater # of people

- promotes universality

- effective support system with multiple feedback

- has 2 modes

- looks like a camel's back with two humps

- client is hooked to a electronic device that monitors bodily functions like muscle tension, hand temp, etc. Once client can see what their body is doing via the process of monitoring the person can acutally control their body

- in counseling: used primarily to teach clients to relax or to control autonomic (automatic) nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.

- a leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion or negative behavior within the group

- the # of people who will help a victim in distress decreases as the number of people around is increased

- the time it will take to intervene increases - as the # of bystanders increase

- help you learn more about your strengths & how they relate to careers

- identify your interests, values, and abilities and compare them to those recommended for a wide range of careers

- used by High Schoolers

- help you learn more about your strengths & how they relate to careers

- identify your interests, values, and abilities & compare them to those recommended for a wide range of careers

- used by Middle Schoolers

- all the psychological/behavioral processes & contextual factors that shape a peron's career over a life-span

- person's creation of career pattern, decision making style, integration of life roles, values expriession, & life-role self-concept

- head-to-foot

- fetus head develops before legs

- non-parametric

- used when you have nominal data (groups or categories) to determine whether 2 distributions differ significantly

- Ex: whether more HS boys than girls wear jeans to HS? (Null Hyp: there are no significant different in the # of boys and girls who wear jeans to HS)

- May use a contingency table -- "is wearing of jeans contingent on the gender of students?"

- multiple causes for behaviors, multiple people affecting each other

- Ex: man who kicks a stone versus a man who kicks a dog

- with a rock: it's linear, we know the weight/angle kicked/can calculate the result of the kick

- man kicking the dog: his reaction could affect his next move -> man influences the dog, the dog is also influencing the man

- reponse to a vague/confusing message by the client

- confusing messages my include terms (they, them), ambiguous phrases (you know), and words with double meaning (stoned, trip)

- does not allow new group members after the group begins

- adv: promotes cohesiveness, because membership is more stable a members get to know eachother

- disadv: if individuals drop out, lessens the overall amount of group interaction 

- groups run by two or more leaders

- benefits: groups can continue if one leader is absent, 2 leaders can focus on group dynamics better than 1 leader

- leaders can process feelings between sessions, can supply more feedback/model effective communication, reduces burnout/greater safety, sit across from eachother rather than next to each other

- when an individual attempts to develop/overdevelop a positive trait to make up for a limitation (percieved inferiority)

- person secretly hopes that others will focus on the positives rather than the negative factors

- presents itself through repetative & persistent behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms are violated (antisocial behaviors)

- Often seen as the precursor to antisocial personality disorder which is not diagnosed until the age of 18

- implies that the counselor won't reveal anything about a client unless he/she is given specific authorization to do so

- there are exceptions to this concept: relative to the situation, counselors have an obligation to protect the confidentiality of the deceased and this should be put in your informed consent document

- ethical 

- legal

- invalid due to an extraneous IV

- variables which are undesirable confounded or "flaw" the exp't

- all correlational research is this

- aka contaminating variable

- honest/constructive reaction by the therapist to an element of a behavior or the immediate situation

- with discrepencies, conflicts, and mixed messages in client's thoughts, actions, and feelings

- genuineness, counselors ability to be him/herself

- real and authentic

- not playing a role/not putting on a facade

- applies to the emotional content of a word, wh/ is different from the true or dictionary definition

- semantic differentiation 

- tests ability to measure a theoretical construct like intelligence, self esteem, artistic talent, mechanical ability, managerial potential

- determined through a systemic accumalation of evidence showing that a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

- having a knowledgable trainer (the consultant) advise counselors or other professionals who are close in contact with members of target population so the counselor can effectively provide the desired services to that population

(Problem focused, time-limited)

- a "rational/logical validity," does the test examine or sample the behavior under scrutiny/measure what it's suppose to

- ex: IQ test that did NOT sample entire range of intelligence has a poor measure of this type validity

An interviewer's impression of an interviewee is often affected by previous interviewees

(A typical applicant would look more impressive if she interviewed after a string of ill-qualified applicants)

- control group - does not recieve the independent variable (IV)

- experimental group - recieves the IV

-  indicates the degree/magnititude of relationship between 2 variables

- abbreviated by "r"

- range from 0.00 (no relationship) to 1.0/-1.0 (significant relationship)

- positive correaltion is not a stronger relationship than a negative correlation of the same numerical value (ex: -.7 > .6)

- behaviorist technique

- goal: weaken/eliminate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger/desirable response

- Short term and overwhelming, disruption of an individual's normal or stable state

- involves assessment and treatment methods that differ in many ways form methods in other situations

- predicting the outcome on another (criterion) measure

- a high correlation between the predictor and the criterion  measures indicates that the predictor has criterion-related validity

- time when an organism is susceptible to a specific developmental process and marks the importance of heredity and environment on development

- ex: language acquisition

- a behavior cannot be assessed as good/bad except within the context of a given culture

- behavior must be evaluated relative to the culture

- customs shared by a group which distinguish it from other groups

- values shared by a group that are learned form others in a group

- attitudes, belief, art, and language wh/ characterizes members in a group

- has several sections wh/ are spiral in nature

- gets harder and easier

- interests/values/skills

- college major/career guidance

- 9 modules (each have a series of questions to wh/ the user responds with a light pen)

- assumes that the general can be reduced to the specfic

- ex: client goes to a drug center that uses a 12-step model. counselor suggests a new in-patient program and the client says he already knows about the 12-steps. 

Behavior that can damage one's reputation

Labeling: written form of this

Slander: verbal remarks

- means of keeping unconscious libidinal or aggressive impulses from reaching consciousness

- psychoanalytic theory

- acute confusional state

- typically involving other cognitive deficits, changes in arousal (hypteractive, hypoactive, or mixed), perceptual defits, altered sleep cycle, psychotic features (hallucinations/delusions)

- not a disease (in it and of itself) but rather a clinical syndrome which results from an underlying disease, medication usage, a new problem, or a combination of these options

- disturbance involving some degree of memory impairment and at least one other cognitive impairment for at least 6 months to support a diagnosis

-these cognitive impariments could be aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, disturbance in executive functioning

- can be caused by a gen. med condition/susbatnace abuse and onset is usually insidious/course is progressive

- members decide/vote and lead therapy

- children displayed best behavior with this mode

- most desirable, but not always the most productive

- similar to repression, except that it is a conscious act

- failing to face reality

- DV

- expresses the outcome of the data - depends on the IV

- aka the "outcome of treatment" or "y" 

- less sensitive to a stimulus

- standard score that reports an examinees performance in terms of Standard Deviation unites from the mean

- compensates can be made a cross age groups

- DOT

- 30,000 job titles (at it's highest)

- replaced by ONET (online version)

- nine digit code/ first three code (occupational group), second three (tasks in relation to data/ppl/things), final three (alphabetize the titles)

- means to teach

- moral instruction as an alterior motive

- individual loses his/her job because of a company downsizing/relocation 

- also can refer to a person who has an obselete set of job skills

- no win situation characterized by contradictory messages

- Haley, strategic therapy

counselor has a relationship with a client outside of being his/her counselor. 

No longer looked at as fully damaging, there can be instances that can be beneficial. 

(AKA Dual-worker couple), both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis

Usually have higher incomes that so-called "traditional" families (where only one partner is working)

- professional helpers must notify/warn a person of serious and forseeable harm to him/herself or to others

(Tarasoff versus Board of Regents)

- all children between 5-21 are assured free education

- handicapped persons are placed in the least restrictive env't

- individualized education plan (IEP) is developed for each child

Effective adult counseling groups has _______ members.

The ideal number is: ______.

5-8 members.

8 = ideal. 

- culture-specific perspective

- insider perspective of the culture

- counselor using this perspective: wants to know what somebody participating in the culture thinks

- each client is an individual with individual differences 

- subjective understanding of the client in the here-and-now

- ability to understand the client's world and to communicate this to the client

- ability to experience the client's subjective world

- believe that development consists of quantitative changes

- John Locke - scientists can only learn from objective fact

- Behavioristic --> can't measure it? doesn't exist...

- overly diffuse or unclear boundaries, which are often inappropriate

- Minuchin

a repeated inability to control urination that is not due to a general medical condition or substance abuse

- implies that similar outcomes can occur in a family from different origins

- family can achieve similar goals in very different ways

- uses one's own culture as a yardstick to measure all others

- it is commmon for all societies to be this (or use their own view as a standard reference & view themselves as superior aka patriotism) 

- based on opinion

- emphasizes the sameness among clients (universal perspective) that literally transcends cultural boundaries

- counselor: would not alter his/her techniques when working with a client from a different culture of minority group

- what does the person feel he/se is capable of doing

- part of Vroom's career theory (motivation and management expectency theory)

- used to predict an individuals score given their predictor score

- form of criterion-referenced interpretation

- conducted to test hypothese about the effects of one or more IVs one or more DVs

- attempts to eliminate all extraneous variable

- can be "true experimental" or "quasi-experimental"

- more effective  

- benefit: helps speed up group interaction & focus on a specific issue

- downside: group stages are passed over, purges feeling too rapidly when members are not emotionally ready to deal

- whether the experimental research results can be generalized to larger populations

- always limited by it's internal validity (if you can't conclude that there is a causal relationship for other ppl/circumstances)

- high internal validity doesn't guarantee external validity

- tendency to find satisfaction and pleasure in other people

- seeks external rewards and social interactions

- EMDR

- technique, Francine Shapiro

- disturbing memories begin to abate when she was moving her eyes back and forth whilte strolling through park

- several experimental variables are investigated and interactions can be noted

- piecing out the effects of more than one Independent Variables

- FERPA

- child 18+ or parent to a minor has access to records

- also known as the Buckley Ammendment

 - notion of fictional, often unrealistic thoughts, that guide people ("honesty is the best policty or world is out to get me)

- Adler

- service, business, contact, organization, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment

- part of Roe's Career Theory

- when changes that are superficial

- behavioral changes do occur, however the organization/structure of the system does not change

- ameliorates symptoms but changes are often temporary 

- tried to make sure that everyone is doing his/her task and is participating --> may try to unconsiously take over/lead

- danger: sometimes don't work on their issues

1- relieve symptoms

2- restore clients previous level of functioning

3- identify factors leading to crisis

4- identify and apply remedial measures

5- help client connect current stresses w/ past life

    experiences

6- help develop adaptive coping strategies that can be

    used in the current/future situations 

- forces which tend to bind group members together

- sense of caring for the group

- this is ideal

- ACA ethics stipulate that group leaders should inform participants that they cannot guarantee confidentiality

- this is a major risk for group intervention

- govern acceptable behavior and group rules

- explicit and implicit, can be harmful or beneficial

- group "rules"on how to/not to behave

- manner in which discussions and transactions occur

- the communications, interactions, and transactions

- GOE

- 14 interest areas of jobs

- central tendency statistic that is the reciprocal of the artihmetic mean of the recipricots of ther set of values

- ex: 2, 2, & 4 - convert to reciprocals: 1/2, 1/2, 1/4, the arithmetic mean is 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/4 = 1 1/4/3 --> .4166

- the reciprocal gives you the harmonic mean -> 1/.4166

- like a microcosm of the social system most of us live

- when you combine people you discover that people can learn from each other and this is said to facilitate personality change

- when an external event outside study/experiment affects the status of subjects on the DV

- any difference in the DV due to history rather than the IV

- based on Myers briggs test

- RIASEC - personality types/match jobs

- "Rosenthal Is A Superb Ed Counselor"

- six basic personality types: realistic (mechanic), investigative (biologist), artistic (astist), social (counselor), enterprising (sales, lawyer), convential (secretary, financial experts)

- maintaining a balanced state

- balanced state is not necessarily healthy, could be holding onto a given pattern of functioning; this pattern could be dysfunctional 

- strategies that approach the group as a whole 

- interpersonal method since it focuses on interactions

- individuals secure training and education to get the best possible income

- not applicable for those in a lower SES

"Teens at 15 take an IQ test at 15, so..."

SD= 15

Median: 100

100 lines up on the median of a normal distribution bell curve

- involves a cluster of deficiencies, not just one ability. The loss of that "administrative" control affects the ability to organize and regulate multiple types of info and, therefore, behaviors

- are difficult to assess directly since they coordinate other cognitive skills

- impairment from Dementia

- clients are induced to read or hear about or imagine frightening depictions of what might happen to them if they are forced to face the thing they fear with the hope that they will desensitze to the object they are afraid of

- Thomas Stampfl

- reduces Type 1 and Type 2 errors

- differences revealed via large samples are more likely to be genuine than differences revealed using small sample sizes

- IV

- variable that the researcher manipulates, controls, alters, or wishes to experiment with

- aka the "treatment" or the "intervention" or "x"

- goes from specific to a generalization

- ex: researcher studies a single session of counseling for a clients experience of phobias then writes his research report for general treatment for phobia

- designed by Tiedman to offer training in decision-making skills

- also included info about vocational and educational opportunities as they relate to the self

- ISVD

- instrument used during the testing process can change the exp't

- also could be observers being more concentrated, primed, having unconsciously changed the criteria they use to make judgements

- if any instrument changes occur, the internal validity of the main conclusion is affected, as alternative explanations are readily available

- also knowns as 3rd party payments

- these do not always cover the entire counseling fee

(Ex: could pay only 50-80%)

occurs when the subject-related variables, color of hair, skin color, etc., and the time-related variables, age, physical size, etc., interact

If a discrepancy between the two groups occurs between the testing, the discrepancy may be due to the age differences in the age categories

- split half measure of reliability where test is divided into two and compared

- measuring intentem consistency -> comparing all items to each other

- Standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management, and clinical purposes

- alternative to DSM

(ICD)

- presenting the client a hypothesis about cause and effect relationships or meanings among his/her behaviors, thoughts, or feelings

- make clients aware of their unconscious processes

- has #'s scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point

- you can add/subtract using interval scales but can't multiply/divide

- distance between each # are equal yet its unclear how far the number is from zero

- ex: IQ: 70 (70 pts below an IQ of 140, could assert that a client of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client of 70)

- client internalizes the positive/negative characteristics of the objects within themselves

- these become a part of their own self-image & determine how the individual will relate to others

- turning in of the libido, individual is his/her own primary source of pleasure

- shys away from social interactions

- compare traits within the same individual; compare test items to one another

- they do NOT compare a person to other persons who took the instrument

- aka compensatory rivalry of a comparison group

- threat to the internal validity (occurs when subjects strive to prove that an exp'l treatment that could threaten their livelihood really isn't all that effective)

- ex: counselor educators were asked to use computers as a part of the teaching expeirience but were worried that the computers might ultimately take their jobs (counselor ed.'s up their time w/ the students and prepping material than they normally would).

- F. Parsons: father of career guidance, trait and factor

- D. Super: life span, life space theory of career dev't (career rainbow)

- J. Crites: Career maturity inventory, objective taxonomy of career decision making

- A. Roe - Level and Fields

- J. Holland - Theory of vocational choice, theory of vocational personalities and work environments, hexagon

- J. Harris-Bowlsby: computerized career & vocational systems

- Tiedman and Ohara - Decision making, trait and factor, imagine/implentation

- its like the SII, made by kuder

- used for 7th grade to adulthood

- career search with person match

- group members can do as they please without leader interference/direction

- good with children with aggressive behavior as well

- equal educational opportunity

(race-based exclusion, afr am)

- invites/encourages a client to talk about same aspects of self or experiences (direct/indirect)

- indirect: helps the client express him/herself within broad parameters

- aka "level of confidence" or "confidence level" or "probability in research" symbolizes by the letter P

- traditionally - in social science research has been set at .05 or lower (i.e. .01 or .001)

- .05 level = means that differences would occur via chance only 5 times in 100

- professional & managerial (1), professional and managerial (2), semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled

- part of Roe's career theory

- technique for measuring attitudes and opinions

- central tendency measure to use: median

- group leader could lose control/members could experience emotional harm

- a client may need invidual work before group therapy

- a client may not be ready to trust other and go where is needed

- group could become a substitute for real world

- facilitator could be more effective w/ an indiv'l rather than an group

- clients may feel pressure to replace their personal norms w/ the group

- dissapointment can set in if the group isnt helpful & person loses faith in treatment w/o experiences individual session

 - cause precedes effect

- ex: a person was physically abused as a child so now that person becomes an abusive parent

- multivariate analysis of variance 

- Multiple dependent variables (Think "m" for Multiple) and 2 or more IVs (2 KINDS - ex: Gender of therapist - male/female; 3 LEVELS - ex: 3 different types of credentials - LPC/LSW/PhD

- majority culture

- dominant culture or the culture that is accepted by the majority of citizens in a given society

- includes child abuse, self-danger, elder abuse, minor, danger for someone else

- legal AND ethical to break confidentiality in such cases

- strictly enforced, if you violate these there are consequences

- aka standards of practice

- clear-cut, no grey area

- determine two uncorrelated or unmatched means differ significantly

- nonparametric statistical hypothesis test

- "U" - uncorrelated and unmatched

- depends on the # of IVs, the # of levels of IVs, and whether the samples are independent or coordinated

- lasts a minimum of 24 hours/may be conducted over a weekend or over a period of several days

- plays on the theme that after an extended period of time defenses and facades will drop & the person can become honest, genuine, real

- biological/psychological change that occurs w/in subjects during the course of the study as a function of time

- this might change how the subject would react to the IV leaving the researcher unable to determine the cause of disprepency is due to time or the IV

- when a person is unable to cope with the natural process of development

(e.g. times of transition --> 1st child is born)

- the arithmetic average

- most useful measure of central tendency

- misleading when the distribution is skewed and there are extreme scores

- a single value attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position w/in that set of data

- summary statistics

- 3 kinds: Mode, Median, Mean

- indicate the amount of heterogeneity/dispersion within a set of scores and include the range, the variance, and st. deviation

- Range, Variance (mean square), Standard Deviation

- middle score in the distribution of scores; when the data are arranged from highest to lowest

- if the distribution is plagued with extreme scores us the MEDIAN (skewed distribution)

- Gerald Caplin

- Focused on the client, actual program, and consultee's administrative duties

- Significant, subaverage IQ, impairment in adaptive functioning, onset before 18

- Subtypes: mild, moderate, severe, profound.

- MMPI

- tests adult personality and psychopathology

- measures occupational ability 

(MORS)

- most frequently occuring score

- least important measure of Central Tendency

- highest/maximum point of concentration on the curve

- beliefs regarding the rightness/wrongness of behavior

- develop as a given group decides what is good/bad for the welfare of the ppl

- Ppl are generally punished for violating these in society

- determining the relative power of several predictors in estimating outcome on a criterion measure

- 2 or more predictors are used to predict scores on one criterion variable

- ex: Using predictor variables such as HS GPA, Class Rank, and ACT scores to predict criterion (outcome) variable like the end-of-college freshmen year GPA

- aka absolutist thinking

- when a client uses too many shoulds, oughts, and musts in his/her thinking

- when a preference becomes a dogmatic must/should, then the client is in for emotional disturbance

(REBT)

- this assessment is a psychometric questionnaire designed to measure psychogical preferences in how ppl percieve the world and make decision

- we all have specific preferences in the way we construe our experiences, and these preferences underlie our interests, needs, values, and motivation

- provided Financial Aid for graduate ed in counseling

- expanded school guidance services

- improved guidance for gifted children

- evident when the variables are inveresly associated; one goes up and the other goes down

ex: brushing teeth time goes up, cavities number goes down

- instances where there are an abundance of high scores

- think the opposite: positive scores... negatively skewed

- looks for incongruence between client and therapist communication

- assess the preferred style of communication

- what thype of words does the client use/avoid using

- strictly qualititative scale

- used to distinguish logically seperated groups

- no true zero/doesn't indicate order

- Examples: street address, telephone number, gender, number on players uniform

- adding/subtracting would prove meaningless 

- descriptive research, conducted primarily to collect data about variables

- conducted to describe "how things are"

- Ex: observational studies, archival research, correlational research, case histories, case studies, and surveys

- scores do not fit to a normal bell curve, distribution-free tests

- mostly descriptive and correlational measures

- ex: chi-square, Mann-Whit U-test, kuder, multi-regression, factor analysis, pearson r, wilcox, sollomon

68-95-99.5

34%, 14%, 2%, 0.1%

mode is the highest or max point of concentration/highest point on the curve

- can legitimately be compared to others who have take the test

- individual's score is evalutated by comparing it to others who took the same test

- require examinees to respond to each test item independently

- ex: percentile rank

- asserts that the samples will not change/not have a relationship even after the experimental variable is applied

- IV does NOT affect the DV

- implies that any observed relationship is simply the result of sampling error

(Oppositional Defiant Disorder)

- ongoing pattern of anger-guided disobedience, hostility, and defiant behavior toward authority figures which extends beyond normal children behavior.

(Not given if the child is presented with Conduct Disorder)

- a significant other w/ whom a child wishes to bond and satisfy their needs; when this does not occur anxiety is manifested

- family psychoanalytic family therapy concept

- O'NET

(replaced the DOT)

- OOH

- job requirements, working conditions, jobs available

- updated every 2 years

- easiest guide to read for career info

- child's libido (sex energy) is directed to the parent of the opposite sex (child realizes that retaliation would result in he/she would act on impulses; the child then strives for identification with the parent of the same sex to achieve vicarious sexual satisfaction)

- indentification with the aggressor, the parent of the same sex

- allows new group members after the group begins

- disadv: member who begins after start miss info/experiences

- adv: #'s more stable

- outlines a procedure

- procedures so that other researchers can attempt to "replicate" an experimental procedure

- rank-order variables (not always equal)

- EX: a horse categorized as a 2nd place winner in a race

- provides relative placement/standing doesn't delineate absolute differences

- Ordinal (sounds like ORDER)

- encouraging individual or family members to continue engaging in dysfunctional patterns

- assumption: the injunction will be resisted and the behavior will thus be modified, or the injunction will be followed and control over the behavior will therefore be demonstrated

- scores fit into a normal bell curve compared to a critical value

- also states as they are normally distributed

- Ex: ANOVA, ANCOVA, MANOVA, ANOVA Factorial, Post hoc

- assume random selection of the sample from the population

- but not random assignment (that's experimental research)

- two version or forms that are interchangeable

- must have the same mean, standard error, and other statistical components

- counselor restates the clients message back verbatim

- leaving clients bored/uncomfortable (sometimes angry)

- interpreting the results in the simplest way

- simplest explanation of the finding is always preferred

- requires that the data collected on the two variables be continuous (i.e interval and/or ratio) and that relationship between the two variables be linear

- symbolized by lower case "r"

- Ranges from +1.00 to -1.00

- tells you how many people scored equal to or lower than your client

- a score of 80 indicates that the client score higher than 79% of the population who took the test and lower than 19% did better