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| Simplest approach toresearch, givequestionnaire or survey to a group of ppl. Returntrade of 75% or lower not enough to generalize to larger population. Maresearchers feel you need at least 100 responses to havflood results. Ofteinter interview may be better optin |
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| Old anthropological approach. Look at overall culture, wholistic and inductiveObservational studies and casestudies . Qualitative, not quantitative. Based on inductive reasoning |
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| Useobservational items to generalize based on specific observations |
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| Specific hypotheses are developed from general principles. I.e. all stat profs are mean thus my stat prof must be mean. |
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| Rate one individual oso specific but actually influenced by another factor. I.e.rating a persons ability as counselor, but affected by their attractiveness |
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| Peopleware know they are being watched or know they are getting speciattention has have diff results. I.e. hawthorn electric plant:workers output didn't Change even when lights were dimmed...researchers presence affected the workers outcome. |
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| AKA pigmalian effect. Researchers expectations inadvertently affect the outcomes. Experiment here teachers were told certain students were smarter than others. The experimenter effectinfluenced students grades and even iq |
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| How can experimenter effects be eliminated? |
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| Using blind experimentes who don't know if subjects are part of control or experimental group |
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| When researchers AND subjects don't know who are in experimental (IV) and control group |
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| Normal,typical, or average person who took the test |
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| Number of participants in a study |
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IntrasubjecT design. Single subject design. Intensive experimental intra subject design. Used primarily for behavior therapy or behavior modification. Take baseline measure...measure of behavior with no intervention.
A, B, A design or A, B,C design |
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| Baseline measurement in single subject design |
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Behavioral intervention. A is the first measure, or the baseline. This is measure of behavior with no tx. Tx is the B. then u return to baseline to see if behavior is different.
A B. A design if person returns to baseline. A. B. A. B design is doing experiment two times, it works, and it ends with the person changed/in the new behavior. |
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| A. B design that tracks more than one Behavior. I.e. track smoking and drinking |
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| A. B. also used. The presentationof stimuli can bias an experiment. So researcherscounterbalance: some subjects receive stimuli A then stimuli B and others get stimuli B then A |
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A clients percentile rank tells u how many people score higher and lower than the client. Percentile rank of 80 means that client scored higher than 79% of population who took test and lower than 19% of tested pop.
Note: doesn't mean the client got 80% right/score....that is percentage, not percentile! |
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| Raw meat is unchanged, uncooked. Same ideawith rawscore. Unchanged, untransformed (like to a z scordoor comparison). If u took GRE, SAT, we could transform raw score to z score and compare how you did on each |
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| AKA developmental research. Follow the samegroup of people over a period of time. Alsoa called trend research |
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| Direction asserts how things will be different . I.e. an alcoholic whoundergoes therapy will drink less. |
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| Non directional hypothesis |
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| Just says something will bestatistically different. Doesn't say how they will be different |
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| Nominal or ordinal numbers do not allow certain statistical analysisbecause there is no info about space between numbers or rank. When data is categorical, a non parametric test like chisquare must be used. |
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| Interval or ratio scaled numbers. What kind of numbers make up the data? Parametric tests include t test and ANOVA. |
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Robust test of significance. Used when dealing with categorical data and used a lot in social science research. I.e. how many democrats voteddoor republicans?
Use when data is categorical like do people who listen to CDs score better than those who don't? That is yes, no, so use chi square to determine significance |
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