Term
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Definition
Trait and Factor Theory
A person must understand their personal traits, the factors involved in a particular occupation, and examine traits and factors when choosing a career.
Father of Career Counseling |
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| Trait and Factor Career Theorists |
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Definition
Frank Parsons
Williamson
Herr and Cramer
Chartland |
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Term
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Definition
(1950)
Wrote "How to Counsel Students" as an extension of Parson's work
His approach to counseling is called Directive Counseling b/c it is very straightforward. |
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Term
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Definition
(1996)
They created 8 factors that predict success used in trait and factor approaches.
aptitudes
needs and interests
values
stereotypes & expectations
adjustment
risk taking
aspirations |
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Term
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Definition
(1991)
Contemporary trait & factor approach.
P x E = people and work environments differ in reliable, meaningful, and consistent ways.
The greater the congruence between personal characteristics and job requirements, the greater the success. |
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Term
| Personality Career and Vocational Theorists |
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Definition
Holland
Roe
Bordin, Nackman, & Segal |
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Term
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Definition
Theory that links personality characteristics and jobs.
6 Personality Types
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
Instrument: Self-Directed Search |
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Term
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Definition
| Theory based on Maslow's Hierarchy of needs and child-rearing practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| Career development meets psychoanalysis. Adult occupations are sought for instinctual gratifications that was developed in the first 6 years of life. |
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| Social Learning Career and Vocational Theory |
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Definition
Based on Bandura's work.
A person's personality and behavioral patterns arise from learning experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
Social Learning Theory
Identified 4 Factors that Influence Career Decisions:
1. Genetic endowment
2. Environmental Conditions
3. Learning experiences
4. Task approach skills |
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Term
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Definition
Bandura
Chance encounters play a role in shaping our lives.
2 chance encounters:
1. Personal determinants, like values and personal standards
2. Social determinants, like environment |
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Term
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Definition
Added to Accident/Chance theory.
Chance operates on a continuum of events that are unforseen. People react differently to chance events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Azin & Besalel (1980) developed a club based on a positive reinforcement system. The group was made up of people who had lost their jobs- they would supprt and encourage each other's progress in job searching |
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Term
| Schein's Stages and Transitions |
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Definition
Stages of an organizational career.
1. Preentry- education, preparation
2. Entry- recruitment, screening, orientation
3. First regular assignment- person is own their own to complete their first assignment
4. Second assignment- repeat 3rd stage
5. Granting of Tenure- preparing for exit
6. Postexit Stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals invest in their own education, training, and moving costs in order to achieve a higher-paying job with more prestige |
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Term
| Other Factors that Affect Career Choice |
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Definition
Cultural boundaries
Class boundaries
Social factors- SES, home, school and community influences
Role Models and Values |
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Term
| Developmental/Life Span Career Theory |
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Definition
These theories are differentiated by the developmental stages and population groups examined by theorists.
Includes: Super, Havighurst, Schlossberg, Hoppock, Okum, and GInzberg, Ginsberg, Axeland, Herma |
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Term
| Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axeland, & Herma |
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Definition
Developmental/Life Span Career Theory
3 Major periods in the Career Choice Process:
1. Fantasy (0-11 yrs)
2. Tentative (11-18 yrs)
3. Realistic (18 -into the 20s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed theory with distinct phases. Longitudinal developmental approach |
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Term
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Definition
1. Growth (birth to 14)
2. Exploration (14-24)
3. Establishment (24-44)
4. Maintenance (44-64)
5. Decline (64 and up) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Child
2. Student
3. Leisurite
4. Citizen
5. Worker
6. Homemaker |
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Term
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Definition
Super identified 5 subscales that are different components of career maturity.
1. Career planning
2. Career exploration
3. Decision-making
4. World-of-Work information
5. Knowledge of preferred occupational group |
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Term
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Definition
| He was one of the first to propose that one must successfully complete the tasks of 1 stage before moring on to the next stage |
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Term
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Definition
| He developed Composite Theory and wrote the book "Occupation Information" which is still used today. |
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Term
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Definition
She wrote "Working with Adults, Individual, and Career Development"
Major focus is on relationships between individual, family, and career development |
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Term
| Decision-Making Career Theories |
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Definition
| These theories are based on explaining how individuals make career choices |
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Term
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Definition
| Emphasized the importance of identifying and clarifying values before considering other options. The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) which is a computer program still used today |
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Term
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Definition
Gelatt's Theory is a theory that believes that information processing is the basis for decision-making.
Decision-Making model:
1. Recognize a need to make a decision
2. Collect data
3. Use data to determine action
4. Focuses attention on value system
5. Evaluates and makes decision |
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Term
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Definition
Equation:
Expectancy times Valence = Motivation
Valence is not sufficient to promote action but it must be combined with expectancy in order for a person to move towards a preferred outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Those with high self-efficacy visualize success scenarios, while those with low self-efficacy visualize failure scenarios. Such inefficacios thinking weakens motivation. |
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Term
| Berglan's 8 Steps of Decision Making |
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Definition
1. Define problem
2. Generate alternatives
3. Gather information
4. Develop information-seeking skills
5. Provide useful sources of info
6. Process info
7. Make plans
8. Implement and evaluate plan |
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Term
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Definition
Describe decision-making in terms of 4 Elements:
1. Objectives
2. Choices
3. Outcomes
4. Attributes |
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Term
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Definition
Communication- identify need
Analysis- interrelating problem components
Synthesis- create alternatives
Valuing- prioritize alternatives
Execution- forming strategy |
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Term
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Definition
The approach is different because it emphasizes the client's psychological complexity
1. initial assessment
2. self-understanding
3. making sense of data
4. generate alternatives
5. obtaining info
6. making the choice
7. making plans
8. implementing plan |
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Term
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Definition
Identifies 4 defective patterns of decision-making.
1. Unconflicted adherence
2. Unconflicted change to new course of action
3. Defense avoidance
4. Hypervigilance |
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Term
| Sources of Career Information |
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Definition
DOT- Dictionary of Occupational Titles
OOH- Occupational Outlook Handbook
The Guide for Occupational Exploration
Enhanced Guide for Occupational Exploration
SOC- Standard Occupational Clarification Manual |
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Term
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Definition
Developmental Model of Occupational Aspirations
People create theori own cognitive maps based on their view of where he or she fits into society.
4 Major Stages
1. Orientation fo Size and Power (ages3-5)
2. Orientation to sex roles (ages 6-8)
3. Orientation to social valuations (ages 9-13)
4. Orientation to the unique self (ages 14 and up) |
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