Term
| What are the 3 categories for CRVO? |
|
Definition
1. Ischemic
2. Non-ischemic (67%)
3. Papillophlebitis |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of ischemic CRVO? |
|
Definition
| 10 DD of non-perfusion on IVFA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. HTN
2. DM
3. POAG
4. Cardiovascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. HTN
2. DM
3. Carotid Occlusive Dz
4. Cardiac valve Dz |
|
|
Term
| What is the leading cause of visual loss in both ischemic and non-ischemic CRVO? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you don't have an IVFA, how can you tell if a CRVO is ischemic or not? |
|
Definition
Ischemic-- 20/200 VA or WORSE
Non-ischemic-- usually 20/40 ish |
|
|
Term
| What is the percentage of ishemic CRVO that causes neo? What about neo glc? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of CRAOs OR BRAOs happen in the second eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you have a CRAO or BRAO with an older person, how should you manage this? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you predict final VA in someone with CRVO? |
|
Definition
| Same as their entering VA |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of a vitreous hemorrahge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 treatment options for CRAO or BRAO |
|
Definition
1. Digital ocular massage
2. Carbogen treatment (95% O2, 5% CO2)
3. Hyperbaric oxygen chamber therapy
4. Glc meds ** |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat optic neuritis if you want to speed up recovery? |
|
Definition
| IV steroids for 3 days followed by oral steroids for 11 days |
|
|
Term
| 4 main causes of night blindness |
|
Definition
1. RP
2. Choroideremia
3. Fundus albipunctatus
4. Gyrate Atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the condition that causes STATIONARY night blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Bone spicules
2. Waxy disc pallor
3. Arterial attenuation |
|
|
Term
| What does gyrate atrophy look like? |
|
Definition
| Midperipheral, scalloped areas |
|
|
Term
| Who is most likely to get choroideremia? |
|
Definition
| Young boy (X-linked) -- will have blond fundus (bc of degeneration of RPE and choriocapillaris) |
|
|
Term
| What does fundus albipunctatus look like? |
|
Definition
| Yellow-white dots at the level of the RPE |
|
|
Term
| What is a variant of RP that has white dots in fundus? |
|
Definition
| Retinitis punctata albescens |
|
|
Term
| What's an oral treatment you can give for RP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a really common side effect of vitrectomy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk of getting wet ARMD in the other eye in 5 years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Likelihood of recurrence in CSR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for mild ERM? What about more severe ERM? |
|
Definition
Mild= celluphane retinopathy
Severe= Macular pucker |
|
|
Term
| What is "Smoke stack" appearance associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What gender and race is ARMD most common in?
What is the increased percentage of ARMD if you smoke? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 main risk factors that increase the conversion from dry to wet AMD |
|
Definition
1. HTN
2. Smoking
3. Multiple soft drusen
4. Focal hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
| Is hard drusen a risk factor for advancement to wet AMD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| Fungus. Mainly from bat or bird poop. Can cause metamorphopsia * |
|
|
Term
What percent of CSR patients will get 20/20 vision?
How long does it take for the CSR to go away? |
|
Definition
2/3
1-3 mos (can do laser but may not improve) |
|
|
Term
| What is the expected VA for ERM? |
|
Definition
| Half of the initial acuity |
|
|
Term
How much zinc should you get in your body?
How much did the original AREDs formula have? |
|
Definition
No more than 30 mg/day
80 mg |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between a classic and occult CNVM? |
|
Definition
Classic- well defined membrane filling early in the IVFA
Occult- poorly defined membrane with later and less intense FL |
|
|
Term
| What is Visudyne and when do you use it? |
|
Definition
| It is a tx for ARMD but it is NOT an ANTI-VEGF one. It's used for tx of predominantly classiv CNV. It uses laser too |
|
|
Term
| What's the classification of CNV? |
|
Definition
1. Subfoveal
2. Juxtafoveal
3. Extrafoveal |
|
|
Term
| What is different about Macugen (anti veg F) and lucentis/avastin |
|
Definition
| Macugen stops new neo but does NOT improve vision. Lucentis/avastin does improve vision |
|
|
Term
| What's the difference between grade 1 and 2 HTN ret? |
|
Definition
Grade 1- arterial narrowing
Grade 2- A/V nicking |
|
|
Term
| What is endophytic and exophytic association with? |
|
Definition
Retinoblastoma
Endophytic-- tumor in anterior retina growing in toward vitreous
Exophytic-- tumor in posterior retina growing toward choroid |
|
|
Term
| What is pica associated with? |
|
Definition
| Ocular toxocariasis -- eating dirt |
|
|
Term
| Is Coats dz bilateral or unilateral? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Leukocoria
2. Stabismus
3. Iris neo
4. Decreased findings |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of infectious retinitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ERG measure? |
|
Definition
| Arden ratio -- should be MORE than 1.6 in normals |
|
|
Term
| What is etiology of histoplasmosis and toxoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
Histo= fungi
Toxo= parasite |
|
|
Term
| What are the importance grades in Best's disease? |
|
Definition
Grade 2- egg yolk formation
Grade 4- vitelliruptive -- bad vision |
|
|
Term
| What is the egg yolk made up with in Best's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is worst case scenario with Best's Dz |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hereditary macular dystrophy? |
|
Definition
| Stargardt macular dystrophy |
|
|
Term
| What would Stargardt's mild, mod, severe look like? |
|
Definition
early- RPE mottling, loss of FLR
middle- yellow flecks
late- beaten bronze macular, salt and pepper pigment changes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Oral steroid
2. Pyrimethamine or sulfadizine |
|
|
Term
| What big condition can high lipidemia cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Visual prognosis for ocular ischemic syndrome |
|
Definition
| 90% CF or worse after 1 year !! Wow |
|
|
Term
| Dif between venous stasis ret and ocular ischemic syndrome? |
|
Definition
Venous stasis- mid peripheral hemorrhages but NO A seg issues
Ocular ischemic syndrome- venous stasis and a seg issues (like iris rubeosis) |
|
|
Term
| What is normal cholesterol levels? |
|
Definition
Total- 200
HDL -- >40
LDL -- <100
Triglucerides < 150 |
|
|
Term
| What are the High Risk Characteristics? |
|
Definition
1. Neo within 1/4 DD of disc
2. NVE with vitreous or preretinal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What's the reason for dibetics going blind? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percent of severe NPDR will develop proliferative in 1 year? |
|
Definition
10-50%
Now you need to see them every 3 mos |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for macular edema? |
|
Definition
ETDRS- focal argon laser
RESTORE- Lucentis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most importance risk factor for someone to get DR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Given the patient is positive, the probability of the test showing positive result |
|
|
Term
| What is positive predictive value? |
|
Definition
| Given a positive test result, the probability that the patient has a positive |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of a CN 3 palsy? |
|
Definition
| aneurysm of posterior communicating artery |
|
|
Term
| 4 contributors to idiopathic intracranial hypertension |
|
Definition
CANT
1. Contraceptives
2. Vitamin A and Accutane
3. Naladixic acid
4. Tetracycline (minocycline) |
|
|
Term
| How does Acetazolamide help with papilledema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs/symptoms of pseudotumor cerebri (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) |
|
Definition
1. HA
2. CN 6 palsy
3. Transient visual obscurations
4. Enlarged blind spot |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal CSF pressure during LP? |
|
Definition
<200 in normal people
<250 in normal, obese people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Metallic taste
2. Metabolic acidosis
3. Depression
4. Diarrhea
5. Thrombocytopenia
6. Aplastic anemia
7. Agranulocytosis
8. Transient myopia
9. Tingling hands/feet |
|
|
Term
| What type of VF defect is most commonly seen in MS patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a normal CRP result? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Leber's optic neuropathy inherited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Risk of MS over 10 years-- if..
1. No white matter on MRI
2. 1 or more white matter on MRI |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the CHAMPS study say about MS? |
|
Definition
| If you have 2 or more MRI white matter lesions, use IV steroids and interferon-beta for a delayed onset of MS and reduction in lesions |
|
|
Term
| Why do some patients with MS develop diplopia? |
|
Definition
They get INO -- caused by lesion in the MLF.
Get an AD-duction deficit on side with the lesion and an AB-duction nystagmus on the contralateral side. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
18, 22, 24
Asians, Whites, blacks
12 is the beginning
>3 mm difference is abnormal |
|
|
Term
| What EOM position is restriction the greated in Brown's syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to treat optic nerve compression with TED (other than sx) |
|
Definition
| prednisone 100 mg qday x 2-14 days |
|
|
Term
| prior to a NAION, what does the disc look like? |
|
Definition
| disc at risk-- small, crowded disc with minimal cupping |
|
|
Term
| What type of visual field defect occurs in an NAION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 other causes of A-AION besides GCA |
|
Definition
1. Polyarteritis nodosa
2. Lupus
3. Herpes Zoster |
|
|
Term
| What do steroids do to blood pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CN palsy can Horner's syndrome cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What drug do you use in the tensilon test for MG?
What drug is used as the antidote for that drug? |
|
Definition
Edrophonium (inhibits acetylcholinesterase)
Atropine |
|
|
Term
| What tests should be ordered if you suspect MG? |
|
Definition
1. Tensilon Test
2. Chest CT (thymus tumor)
3. TSH, T3, T4 |
|
|
Term
| What type of receptors does Flomax work on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug can you give to treat someone with MG? |
|
Definition
| Pyridostigmine (long acting acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) |
|
|
Term
| Why do you order blood work on someone with a suspected pituitary ademona? |
|
Definition
check if it's prolactin secreting (functional) or not (non functional)
*Pit adenomas can cause amenorrhea and galactorrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of a pituitary adenoma |
|
Definition
| Bromocriptine (dopamine agonist--shrinks the tumor) |
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