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NBDE Flash! - Gross Anatomy
NBDE Flash! Part 1 Review Series. Home Page: http://www.flashcardmachine.com/p/nbdeflash
177
Dentistry
Professional
02/10/2012

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Term
Why is the forearm pronated in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
loss of function of biceps brachii
Term
What type of molecule can cross the blood-brain barrier most easily? (lipid/nonlipid, polar/nonpolar)
Definition
Lipid-soluable/nonpolar molecules
Term
What are the manifestations of portal hypertension?
Definition
--Esophageal varices --Hemorrhoids --Caput medusae
Term
If you break your medial epicondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
Definition
ulnar nerve
Term
What lobe of the brain is the principal sensory area in?
Definition
parietal
Term
Why is L-dopa used for parkinsonism instead of dopamine?
Definition
L-dopa crosses the blood-brain barrier while dopamine does not.
Term
What nerve is known as the great extensor nerve?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
What are the functions of the major structures of the inner ear bony labyrinth?
Definition
1. Cochlea- hearing 2. vestibule- linear acceleration 3. semicircular canals- angular acceleration.
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: phagocytosis?
Definition
Microglia
Term
Name the thenar muscles
Definition
--Opponens pollicis --Abductor pollicis brevis --Flexor pollicis brevis
Term
The fasciculus cuneatus contains fibers from the upper or lower body?
Definition
Upper extremities
Term
Where is the Myenteric plexus located?
Definition
Between the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in GI tract wall.
Term
What gut regions and structures does the celiac artery supply?
Definition
1.Foregut 2.--Stomach to duodenum --liver --gallbladder --pancreas
Term
What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Definition
coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis
Term
What gut regions and structures does the SMA supply?
Definition
1.Midgut 2.--Duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
Term
Name 2 locations for lesions in Syringomyelia?
Definition
ventral white commissure and ventral horns
Term
What layer of the peripheral nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment?
Definition
The perineurium must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment.
Term
What defect may predispose an infant for a diaphragmatic hernia?
Definition
Defective development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane
Term
What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
Definition
Weak intrinsic muscles of the hand and Pope's blessing
Term
What is a Argyll Robertson pupil?
Definition
the eyes DO NOT constrict to light, but DO accommodate to near objects
Term
What are the major structures of the inner ear membranous labyrinth?
Definition
1. Cochlear duct 2. utricle. 3. saccule 4. semicircular canals.
Term
Why does the arm hang by the side in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
paralysis of shoulder abductors
Term
Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels?
Definition
Suspensory ligament of the ovary
Term
What is the consequence when your CNS stimulates the gamma motor neuron and the intrafusal fibers contract?
Definition
increased sensitivity of the reflex arc
Term
What structures make up the bronchopulmonary segment?
Definition
Tertiary bronchus, Bronchial artery, and Pulmonary artery
Term
The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by what artery?
Definition
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Term
What 3 blood barriers does the body have?
Definition
blood-brain, blood-gas, blood-testis
Term
The xiphoid process exists in what dermatome?
Definition
T7
Term
What layers of the gut wall contribute to support (3)?
Definition
--Serosa --Lamina propria --Submucosa
Term
The nipple exists in what dermatome?
Definition
T4
Term
The umbilicus exists in what dermatome?
Definition
T10
Term
What are the 3 classic symptoms of Horner's syndrome?
Definition
ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
Term
What are the input and output of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus?
Definition
input - mammillary body, output - cingulate gyrus
Term
What is the usual pathology below the pectinate line of the rectum?
Definition
External hemorrhoids (painful) Squamous cell carcinoma
Term
What layers of the gut wall contribute to motility (4)?
Definition
--Muscularis mucosae --Inner circular muscle layer --Myenteric plexus --Outer longitudinal muscle layer
Term
What is the innervation of the diaphragm?
Definition
Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) “3,4,5 keeps the diaphram alive”
Term
What are 3 clinical findings of the arm in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
arm hangs by the side, medially rotated, forearm is pronated
Term
Which lung provides a space for the heart to occupy?
Definition
Left lung (in the place of the middle lobe)
Term
What is the function of Submucosal plexus?
Definition
Regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption.
Term
What is the venous drainage difference above and below the pectinate line?
Definition
--Superior rectal v. to internal mesenteric vein to portal system (Above) --Inferior rectal v. to internal pudendal v. to internal iliac v. to IVC (Below)
Term
What reflex is lost in a lesion of the musculocutaneous nerve?
Definition
biceps reflex
Term
What is the course of a direct inguinal hernia?
Definition
Through weak abdominal wall, into the inguinal triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric artery, through the external inguinal ring only.
Term
Do the coronary arteries fill during systole or diastole?
Definition
Diastole
Term
Coronary artery occlusion usually occurs where?
Definition
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Term
Which meningeal layer is not pierced during an LP?
Definition
Pia mater
Term
Bell's Palsy is seen as a complication in what 5 things?
Definition
AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes (ALexander Bell with STD)
Term
At what level is a lumbar puncture performed?
Definition
Between L3-L4 or L4-L5
Term
A rupture of the middle menigeal artery causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural)
Definition
epidural hematoma
Term
A rupture of the superior cerebral veins causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural)
Definition
subdural hematoma
Term
What is a lymph node? Include information on structural components.
Definition
A secondary lymphoid organ. Has many afferents, one or more efferents. With trabeculae. Major histological regions = Follicle, Medulla, Paracortex
Term
What two bones do all the foramina of the posterior cranial fossa pass through?
Definition
temporal and occipital bones
Term
What type of lesion is seen in Poliomyelitis and is it genetic or acquired?
Definition
acquired LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis
Term
What muscle sensor senses tension and provides inhibitory feedback to alpha motor neurons?
Definition
golgi tendon organs
Term
What is Endoneurium?
Definition
Endoneurium invests single nerve fiber of the peripheral nerve.
Term
What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the long thoracic nerve?
Definition
Winged scapula
Term
What type of fibers do the corticospinal tracts carry?
Definition
motor
Term
Pain from the diaphragm is usually referred where?
Definition
Shoulder
Term
Give 4 characteristics of an UMN lesion.
Definition
spastic paralysis, increased deep tendon reflexes, + Babinski, minor to no atrophy
Term
CN VII passes through what 'hole'?
Definition
internal auditory meatus
Term
What part of the heart does the LAD supply?
Definition
Anterior Interventricular Septum
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: physical support, repair, K+ metabolism?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
What structures do the broad ligament contain (4)?
Definition
Round ligaments of the uterus, Ovaries, Uterine tubules and Uterine vessels
Term
The Blood-Brain Barrier is formed by what 3 structures?
Definition
Choriod Plexus Epithelium, Intracerebral Capillary Endothelium, Astrocytes
Term
How does the hypothalamus control the adenohypophysis?
Definition
via releasing factors (ie. TRH, CRF, GnRF, etc.)
Term
How does the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve differ from that of the right?
Definition
The left wraps around the arch of the aorta and the ligamentum arteriosum while the right wraps around the subclavian artery.
Term
What is the course of the ureters?
Definition
Pass under uterine artery and under the ductus deferens
Term
What 3 muscles are lost in a lesion of the radial nerve?
Definition
triceps brachii, brachioradialis, and extensor carpi radialis longus
Term
Traction or tear of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus causes what syndrome?
Definition
Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip)
Term
How many lobes are in the right and left lungs and what are their names?
Definition
--Right has three (superior,middle,inferior) --Left has two (superior and inferior) and the lingula
Term
The fasciculus gracilis contains fibers from the upper or lower body?
Definition
Lower extremities
Term
What type of fibers do the spinothalmic tracts carry?
Definition
sensory - pain and temperature
Term
What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the lower trunk of the brachial plexus?
Definition
Claw hand
Term
Golgi tendon organs send their signal via what nerve?
Definition
group Ib afferents
Term
A pudendal nerve block is performed at what landmark?
Definition
Ischial spine
Term
What is the function of Myenteric plexus?
Definition
Coordinates motility along entire gut wall.
Term
What is the Myenteric plexus also known as?
Definition
Auerbach's plexus
Term
Subarachnoid space extends to what spinal level?
Definition
S2
Term
What part of the spinal cord is spared with complete occlusion of the ventral artery?
Definition
dorsal columns
Term
What usually provides the blood supply for the inferior left ventricle?
Definition
Posterior descending artery (PD) of the RCA
Term
What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?
Definition
Wrist drop
Term
Where is the CSF found?
Definition
Subarachnoid space
Term
What 5 spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Term
The area of the body that contains the appendix is known as what?
Definition
McBurney's point
Term
What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the median nerve?
Definition
Lateral palm/thumb and the radial 2 1/2 fingers
Term
Which way does the head deviate in a unilateral lesion (LMN) of CN XI? (toward or away)
Definition
toward the lesion
Term
Obturator nerve damage manifests what deficit?
Definition
Loss of hip adduction
Term
The male sexual response of erection is mediated by what part of the nervous system?
Definition
Parasympathetic nervous system
Term
What is the name for the small muscle fiber type that regulates muscle length?
Definition
Intrafusal fibers
Term
What muscle fiber type makes up the muscle bulk and provides the force for contraction?
Definition
Extrafusal fibers
Term
What symptom is seen with a lesion of the median nerve?
Definition
decreased thumb function
Term
What muscle extorts, elevates, and adducts the eye?
Definition
inferior oblique
Term
From which 3 spinal roots does long thoracic nerve arises?
Definition
C5, C6, C7
Term
What symptom is seen with a lesion of the axillary nerve?
Definition
Deltoid paralysis
Term
What are the boundaries of the inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle?
Definition
--Inferior epigastric artery --Lateral border of the rectus abdominus --Inguinal ligament
Term
What 2 areas have sensation deficit in a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
Definition
Medial palm and the ulnar 1 1/2 fingers
Term
Which lung is the usual site of an inhaled foreign body?
Definition
Right lung
Term
What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? Describe its composition.
Definition
The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. Endolymph is K+ rich, similar to ICF.
Term
Why is the arm medially rotated in Erb-Duchenne palsy?
Definition
paralysis of the lateral rotators
Term
What is a hiatal hernia?
Definition
Stomach contents herniate upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Term
What 2 spinal roots make up the superior trunk of the brachial plexus?
Definition
C5, C6
Term
Name the type of movement with sudden, jerky, purposeless movements?
Definition
Chorea
Term
What 4 movements are impaired in a lesion of the ulnar nerve?
Definition
wrist flexion, wrist adduction, thumb adduction, and adduction of the 2 ulnar fingers
Term
Is the Babinski reflex (positive or negative) when the big toe dorsiflexes and the other toes fan-out?
Definition
positive (pathologic)
Term
In a lesion of the radial nerve, what muscle is associated with wrist drop?
Definition
extensor carpi radialis longus
Term
Intrafusal fibers are innervated by what motor neuron?
Definition
gamma motor neuron
Term
What type of lesion is seen in Multiple Sclerosis?
Definition
random asymmetric lesions in mostly white matter of the cervical region
Term
If you break your surgical neck of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
Definition
axillary nerve
Term
If you break your supracondyle of the humerus, which nerve would likely injure?
Definition
median nerve
Term
If you break your humerus mid-shaft, which nerve would likely injure?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
Name the rotator cuff muscles.
Definition
--Supraspinatus --Infraspinatus --teres minor --Subscapularis
Term
What neurons do the GI enteric plexus contain?
Definition
Cell bodies of parasympathetic terminal effector neurons
Term
The spinal cord ends at what level in adults?
Definition
L1-L2
Term
What artery do the lateral striate branch off of?
Definition
internal carotid artery
Term
What 4 movements are lost in a lesion of the median nerve?
Definition
forearm pronation, wrist flexion, finger flexion, and several thumb movements
Term
How is the appendix located?
Definition
2/3 of the way from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine
Term
An aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery may cause what type of defects?
Definition
visual defects
Term
What part of pancreas are the Islets of Langerhans concentrated?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the tail of pancreas.
Term
Name five portal-systemic anastomoses.
Definition
Left gastric-azygous vv. Superior-Middle/Inferior rectal vv. Paraumbilical-inferior epigastric Retroperitoneal-renal vv. Retroperitoneal-paravertebral vv.
Term
If the radial nerve is lesioned, what 2 reflexes are lost?
Definition
triceps reflex and brachioradialis reflex
Term
What is the direct pathway from the striatum to the cortex?
Definition
The striatum to the substantia nigra pars reticularis /medial globus pallidus to the thalamus to the cortex (excitatory path)
Term
What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus?
Definition
Waiter's tip (Erb-Duchenne palsy)
Term
Where is the Submucosal plexus located?
Definition
Between mucosa and inner layer of smooth muscle in GI tract wall.
Term
Huntington's patients typically have what type of movements?
Definition
Chorea
Term
What type of fibers do the dorsal columns carry?
Definition
sensory - pressure, vibration, touch, proprioception
Term
When is a positive Babinski a normal reflex?
Definition
during the first year of life
Term
What syndrome is seen with a lesion of the radial nerve?
Definition
Saturday night palsy
Term
What is the course of an indirect inguinal hernia?
Definition
Through the internal (deep) inguinal ring and the external (superficial) inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and into the scrotum
Term
What condition is usually associated with portal hypertension?
Definition
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Term
What is the Submucosal plexus also known as?
Definition
Meissner's plexus
Term
What structures perforate the diaphragm at what vertebral levels?
Definition
IVC at T8, Esophagus and Vagal trunks at T10, and Aorta, Thoracic duct, and Axygous vein at T12 “I 8 10 Eggs At 12”
Term
What are the input and output of the septal area?
Definition
input - hippocampal formation, output - hippocampal formation
Term
How are the fibers of the dorsal column laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?)
Definition
legs-medial, arms-lateral
Term
How do glucose and amino acids cross the blood-brain barrier?
Definition
carrier-mediated transport mechanism
Term
Intrafusal fibers are encapsulated and make up muscle spindles that send their signal via what nerve?
Definition
group Ia afferents
Term
What disease does Tabes Dorsalis result from?
Definition
tertiary syphilis
Term
The male sexual response of emission is mediated by what part of the nervous system?
Definition
Sympathetic nervous system
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: peripheral myelin production?
Definition
Schwann cells
Term
What is a diaphragmatic hernia?
Definition
Abdominal retroperitoneal structures enter the thorax
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: inner lining of the ventricles?
Definition
Ependymal cells
Term
What CNS/ PNS supportive cell has the following functions: central myelin production?
Definition
Oligodendroglia
Term
What makes endolymph?
Definition
Endolymph is made by the stria vascularis.
Term
What are hernias?
Definition
Protrusions of peritoneum through an opening, usually sites of weakness.
Term
What are the 3 layers of peripheral nerves? (inner to outer)
Definition
Endoneurium, Perineurium and Epineurium
Term
Visual fibers from the lateral geniculate body terminate on the upper and lower banks of what fissure?
Definition
Calcarine fissure
Term
What structure is in the femoral triangle but not in the femoral sheath?
Definition
The Femoral nerve
Term
Neurons from the globus pallidus have what action on the ventral anterior nucleus?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
What lobe of the brain is the premotor area in?
Definition
frontal
Term
What gut regions and structures does the IMA supply?
Definition
1.Hindgut 2.--Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of rectum
Term
A lesion of the optic chiasm produces?
Definition
bitemporal hemianopsia
Term
Name the hypothenar muscles.
Definition
--Opponens digiti minimi --Abductor digiti minimi --Flexor digiti minimi
Term
What 1 nerve root is assoc. with the triceps reflex?
Definition
C7
Term
What 2 spinal roots make up the inferior trunk of the brachial plexus?
Definition
C8, T1
Term
What vagal nuclei sends parasympathetic fibers to the heart, lungs, and upper GI?
Definition
dorsal motor nucleus of CN X
Term
What are 2 characteristics of Tabes Dorsalis?
Definition
impaired proprioception and locomotor ataxia (3 syphillis)
Term
Name the 5 segments of the brachial plexus in order from proximal to distal.
Definition
roots - trunks - divisions - cords - branches
Term
A common football injury caused by clipping from the lateral side will damage what structures (3 answers)?
Definition
--Medial collateral ligament --Medial meniscus --Anterior cruciate ligament
Term
What type of lesion is seen in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and is it genetic or acquired?
Definition
genetic LMN lesion causing flaccid paralysis (aka. Floppy infant disease)
Term
The embryologic defect of having a cervical rib can compress what 2 structures?
Definition
Subclavian artery and Inferior trunk of the brachial plexus
Term
Name the 4 ligaments of the uterus.
Definition
--Suspensory ligament of ovaries --Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament --Round ligament of uterus --Broad ligament
Term
What is Epineurium?
Definition
Epineurium (dense connective tissue) surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
Term
What 2 symptoms are seen with a lesion of the musculocutaneus nerve?
Definition
Difficulty flexing the arm (biceps) and Variable sensory loss (lateral antebrachial cutaneous)
Term
Describe the outer structure of a Peyer's patch.
Definition
A Peyer's patch is 'covered' by single layer of cuboidal enterocytes, interspersed with specialized M cells (no goblet cells).
Term
A lumbar puncture is performed at what landmark?
Definition
Iliac crest
Term
What spinal cord levels are vertebral disk herniation most likely to occur?
Definition
Between L5 and S1
Term
The femoral triangle contains what structures from lateral to medial?
Definition
--Femoral nerve --Femoral artery --Femoral vein --Femoral Canal (lymphatics)
Term
What 4 'muscles' does the radial nerve innervate?
Definition
Brachioradialis, Extensors of the wrist and fingers, Supinator, Triceps. (BEST)
Term
What muscular disorder is a medial longitudinal fasciculus syndrome associated with?
Definition
Multiple Sclerosis (MLF=MS)
Term
What structures are pierced when doing an LP?
Definition
1.Skin/superficial fascia 2.Ligaments 3.Epidural space 4.Dura mater 5.Subdural space 6.Arachnoid 7.Subarachnoid space--CSF
Term
How are the fibers of the corticospinal tract laminated? (legs/arms medial or lateral?)
Definition
arms- medial, legs-lateral
Term
What nerve innervates the deltoid muscle
Definition
Axillary nerve
Term
What structures pass between the anterior and middle scalene
Definition
Brachial Plexus and subclavian artery
Term
What structure passes anterior to the anterior scalene
Definition
Subclavian vein
Term
Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?
Definition
Subclavian artery
Term
Following healing, which type of bone replaces the fractured area?
Definition
Woven bone (random, weaker, unorganized)
Term
Branches of the internal thoracic artery
Definition
Superior epigastric and musculophrenic (to supply the diaphram)
Term
Which part of the aorta does not have vasa vasorum?
Definition
Descending/Abdominal Aorta (thus why you see most anuerysms here for atherosclerosis)
Term
Tertiary syphillis attacks what structure in the aorta
Definition
Vasa Vasorum of the aortic arch (anuerysm!!)
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