Term
| 1. 3 mechanical barriers of the non-specific (innate) immunity. |
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Definition
| 1) SKIN, 2) GI TRACT, 3) RESPIRATORY TRACT, 4) GU EPITHELIUM |
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Term
| 2. 2 chemical barriers of the non-specific (innate) immunity. |
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Definition
| ACIDIC PH IN THE STOMACH AND VAGINA |
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Term
| 3. The _____ is involved in innate immunity, as it is designed to defend against infection by promoting phagocytosis and killing cells directly. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. The complement system activates these 6 processes to remove invading bacteria. |
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Definition
| 1) OPSONIZATION, 2) INFLAMMATION, 3) LYSIS, 4) CHEMOTAXIS, 5) AGGLUTINATION, 6) NEUTRALIZATION (OILCAN) |
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Term
| 5. During opsonization, complement fragments known as _____ bind to the surface of bacteria allowing phagocytic cells to attach to them and engulf the bacteria. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. _____ is the major opsonin in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. Inflammation occurs due to activation of mast cells in _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. These are the 3 main inflammatory mediators activated in the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. The complement system causes _____ due to the increased efficiency of bacterial phagocytosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. _____ are the main lysis agents activated by the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. This is the main chemotaxis mediator released by the complement system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. _____ of the complement system changes the surface of the invading bacteria making them sticky and causing them to clump together. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. The complement system causes _____ of toxic sites on the surface of the antigen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. Specific or acquired immunity involves the production of _____ against specific foreign antigens by lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ are antibody generating substances that are usually large complex molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. Smaller molecules called _____ also have the ability to stimulate antibody production if they are attached to a protein for initial presentation to the immune system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. Specific immune responses rely on the actions of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. 5 products of immune cells. |
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Definition
| 1) TNF, 2) IMMUNOGLOBULINS, 3) CYTOKINES (INTERLEUKINS 1-18), 4) INTERFERONS, 5) TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR |
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Term
| 19. These cells are involved in the generation of humoral immunity. They make antibodies in the form of immunoglobulins. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. B-lymphocytes mature in the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. _____ make up 95% of circulating lymphocytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. _____ are cells that mature in the thymus, and they are involved in cell mediated immunity. |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. T-cell precursors in the bone marrow go to the thymus where they differentiate into _____ or _____ cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. _____ T-cells become cytotoxic T cells which kill virus infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. _____ further differentiate into helper T cells which develop into Th1 and Th2 cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. _____ cells activate macrophages. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. _____ cells help B cells make antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. Antibodies belong to a class of proteins called _____, which are in the shape of a Y. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. The _____ region of the antibody determines which type of immunoglobulin it is. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. This is the most abundant antibody found in the body, which promotes phagocytosis and cell lysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. IgG confers _____ in the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. This antibody is found in the saliva, tears, and breast milk. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. This antibody is secreted early on, and promotes agglutination, phagocytosis and cell lysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. This antibody is on the surface of B-lymphocytes, but its overall function is unknown. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. This antibody is important in parasitic infections and allergic reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. The _____ of the immunoglobulin is important for the antigen binding specificity. |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Antibodies bind to _____, thus promoting their destruction. |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. Antibodies promote the destruction of antigens directly in these 3 ways. |
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Definition
| 1) LYSIS OF MEMBRANES, 2) AGGLUTINATION, 3) NEUTRALIZATION OF TOXINS |
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Term
| 39. Antibodies promote the destruction of antigens indirectly by activating the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. This antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta. |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. This is the largest of all antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. This is the smallest of all antibodies. |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. This antibody is found in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic diseases. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. This is the first antibody to respond. |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. This antibody activates basophils and mast cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. Cell mediated immunity relies on activated _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. _____ is important in combating viral and fungal infections, as well as against potential cancer cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. 3 different types of T-lymphocytes. |
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Definition
| 1) CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS, 2) HELPER T-CELLS, 3) SUPPRESSOR T-CELLS |
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Term
| 49. This type of T-lymphocyte lyses cells carrying the antigens to which they are sensitive. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. This type of T-lymphocyte is activated by macrophage-processed antigens. Once stimulated, lymphokines are released which are interleukin 2-6 and interferon. |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. This type of T-lymphocyte directly inhibits lymphocytic function. |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. Cell mediated responses persist _____ than any antibody response. |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. _____ immunity involves the production of antibodies after infection. |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. _____immunity occurs when the antibodies are produced in the mother and are transferred at birth to the infant. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. _____ immunity involves antibody production induced by immunization. |
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Definition
| ARTIFICAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
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Term
| 56. _____ immunity involves antibodies that are produced elsewhere (like in a horse) and injected or transferred into the patient. |
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Definition
| ARTIFICAL ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
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Term
| 57. _____and _____ immunity are longer lasting compared to natural passive and artificial passive immunity which is short lived. |
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Definition
| NATURAL ACTIVE AND ARTIFICIAL ACTIVE |
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Term
| 58. In this type of hypersensitivity reaction, the antigen reacts with IgE causing mast cells to release histamine, heparin. |
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Definition
| TYPE-1 ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS |
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Term
| 59. 2 types of type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. 2 antibodies in type 2 (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. Type II hypersensitivity reactions cause destruction of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. 3 examples of type 2 hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Definition
| 1) ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS, 2) ACUTE TRANSFUSION REACTIONS, 3) ITP |
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Term
| 63. In this type of hypersensitivity reaction, an IgG mediated immune complex triggers inflammation. |
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Definition
| TYPE 3 IMMUNE COMPLEX REACTIONS |
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Term
| 64. 6 examples of type 3 hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Definition
| 1) SERUM SICKNESS, 2) DRUG REACTIONS, 3) SLE, 4) RA, 5) POST STREPTOCOCCAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, 6) FARMER’S LUNG |
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Term
| 65. In this type of hypersensitivity reaction, no immunoglobulins are produced, rather it is T-cell mediated. |
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Definition
| TYPE 4 DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY |
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Term
| 66. 4 examples of type 4 delayed hypersensitivity reactions. |
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Definition
| 1) TB, 2) POISON IVY, 3) CHRONIC TRANSPLANT REJECTION, 4) TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS |
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