Term
|
Definition
Short
flat
irregular
sasamoid
long |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in places of articulation, such as the carpus and tarsus. All dimensions are relatively equal, genearally signifying one center of ossification. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the skull, pelvic girdle, and scapula. It expands in two directions with a broad surface for attachment of large muscle masses and protection for underlying structures. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. patella and navicular bone. found within tendons, where they change direction over prominences that would otherwise cause damage. They form synovial joints with major bones with which they are in contact with. They also serve to displace tendon from the axis of the joint, increasing the leverage exerted by the muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in the limbs and acts like levers for locomotion. An elongated diaphysis (shaft) and two epiphyses (ends) each of which encases a center for ossification. |
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Term
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Definition
Diaphysis
epiphysis
metaphysis
periosteum
articular cartilage
medullary
endosteum
cortex
epiphyseal cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| end of long bone. Grows separately. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of long bone that is the narrow part between the epiphysis and diaphysis. It contains the growth plate, the part of the bone that grows during childhood and as it grows it ossified near the diaphysis and epiphysis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a dense layer of vascular connective tissue that envelopes the bones except at the surfaces of the joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. Can be damaged by injury or normal wear and tear. |
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Term
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Definition
| medullary cavity is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow is stored. Also known as marrow cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. |
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Term
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Definition
Dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity. Also known as compact bone. Weight beating because high resistance to bending and torsion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis of long. Ones. Growth at the cartilage is responsible for continued growth of the bone. When growth ceases the cartilage disappears. Also called growth plate. |
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Term
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Definition
a sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in sheet like muscles having a wide band of attachment. app= away; neuron = sinew
Like a flat wide tendon |
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Term
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Definition
| sheath/band around tendons for stability. not muscle. from Latin retain. |
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Term
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Definition
| cannot find def in google. ask |
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Term
bone: what is involved in each
formation, remodeling and healing |
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Definition
formation: osteoblasts
remodeling: osteocytes & osteoclasts
healing: periosteum and chondroblasts |
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Term
| How many bones in skull and what are they |
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Definition
| 14 paired bones; occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal, ethmoid,sphenoid, nasal, maxillary, incisive, Palatine, zygomatic, lacrimal, pterygoid, manidular |
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Term
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Definition
| bone in skull related to sinus |
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Term
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Definition
| bone in skull that forms nasopharygeal cavity. Paired bone bordered by palatine and sphenoid |
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Term
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Definition
| holds larynx in place and supports pharynx and tongue |
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Term
| name bones of hyoid apparatus |
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Definition
thyrohyoid-@thyrfoid cartilige and larynx ceratohyoid epihyoid stylohyoid-base of skull temporal basihyoid--connects sides
Sect-in that order |
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Term
Yellow and red bone marrow
Where and when
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|
Definition
In medullary cavity
Red is in juvenile
Yellow in adult |
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Term
Yellow and red bone marrow
Where and when
|
|
Definition
In medullary cavity
Red is in juvenile
Yellow in adult yellow is more fatty than red |
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Term
| How many processes of vertebrae and name them |
|
Definition
7
1spinous
2 transverse
2 cranial articular
2 caudal articular
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Term
| Significant bony landmark of axial skeleton |
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Definition
Zygomatic arch
Ramus of mandible
Occipital ridge
Occipital crest
Wings of atlas
Dens of axis
Sled of c6
Anticlinal tvp of t10-11
Sacral wings |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
The "mysiums"
Epi,peri, and endo |
|
Definition
Epimysium: wraps entire muscle
Perimysium: layer of connective tissue that separates muscle tissue into small section
Endomysium: layer of connective tissue that wraps individual muscle fibers |
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Term
| Epipheseal discs on femur |
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Definition
| Two on top--one under each trochanter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thin spherical protein filament that looks like two strands of pearls wrapped around each other. It is one of the proteins filaments that make up a muscle. Works in partnership with myosin. |
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Term
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Definition
| a thick motor protein filament with a head and tail. Makes up a muscle. Works in partnership with actin. Myosin is surrounded by actin. |
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Term
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Definition
| protein filaments myosin and actin. Muscle cell is several bundles of actin and myosin. |
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Term
| how does a muscle contract |
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Definition
| when muscle filaments (myosin and actin) slide over each other repetitively. Actin has myosin binding site for myosin head. |
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Term
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Definition
| the globular head of a myosin molecule that projects from a myosin filament in muscle and in the sliding filament hypothesis of muscle contraction is held to attach temporarily to an adjacent actin filament and draw it into the A band of a sarcomere between the myosin filaments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sarcomere is the functional unit of striated muscle. This means it is the most basic unit that makes up our skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is the muscle type that initiates all of our voluntary movement. Herein lies the sarcomere’s main purpose. Sarcomeres are able to initiate large, sweeping movement by contracting in unison. Their unique structure allows these tiny units to coordinate our muscles’ contractions.A sarcomere (Greek sarx "flesh", meros "part") is the basic unit of striated muscle tissue. It is the repeating unit between two Z lines. Skeletal muscles are composed of tubular muscle cells (myocytes called muscle fibers or myofibers) which are formed in a process known as myogenesis. Muscle fibers contain numerous tubular myofibrils. Myofibrils are composed of repeating sections of sarcomeres, which appear under the microscope as alternating dark and light bands. Sarcomeres are composed of long, fibrous proteins as filaments that slide past each other when a muscle contracts or relaxes.The contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber. Sarcomeres are divided into bands of filaments made of actin or myosin. During muscle contraction, the filaments slide over each other to cause shortening of the sarcomere.sarcomere is one unit of a myofibril of overlapping thick and thin filaments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) The myosin head binds to ATP, which is the source of energy for muscle movement. Myosin can only bind to actin when the binding sites on actin are exposed by calcium ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The protein tropomyosin covers the myosin binding sites of the actin molecules in the muscle cell. To allow the muscle cell to contract, tropomyosin must be moved to uncover the binding sites on the actin. Calcium ions bind with troponin-C molecules (which are dispersed throughout the tropomyosin protein) and alter the structure of the tropomyosin, forcing it to reveal the cross-bridge binding site on the actin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| One of the proteins that make up the thin filaments of muscle tissue and that regulate muscle contraction and relaxation. Troponin occurs in three forms bound together in a complex. One of the three forms is a receptor of calcium ions that induces structural changes that allow the actin in the thin filaments to interact with myosin, causing contraction.round guy that cover up binding sites in action until calcium is released into cells which changes confirmation and allows myelin to grab hold |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adoninediphosphate and phosphate molecules are on myosin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Steps of muscle contraction |
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Definition
| Actin and myosin filaments slide past each other. Myofilaments overlap to shorten sarcomere. Myosin at rest has ADP and phosphate molecules at heads. When we decide to move calcium is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
|
Definition
Specialized type
Calcium is released from sr when we De ice to move. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Capillary refill time 1-2 seconds to link up. No pink could be shock. Lack of profusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| 10-30 breathed per minute |
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Term
|
Definition
| 10-30 breathed per minute |
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Term
|
Definition
60-160
Small 90-120
Med 70-110
Large 60-90 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pink (not tacky) Pale= low profusion Deep red = congested membranes- shocking toxicity Purple or blue= low o2 or toxicity Yellow= liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| Small & med 5 comp/breathe Giant 10, Small 1/2 to 1 inch Med to large 1-3 inches |
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Term
|
Definition
At femoral artery, above feeg, below wrist & ankle or side/chest
Chest may be strongest if heartbeat is too weak to push outwards |
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Term
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Definition
| If no breathing and pulse. Don't do if pulse. Stop after 20 min |
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Term
|
Definition
More than 5 min is emergency
Clear nearby objects, keep warm, time it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Passed from animal to human |
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Term
|
Definition
| Keep warm but not surface warm (not towels). IV is needed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Keep head level with body or slightly up so doesn't vomit and aspirate |
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Term
|
Definition
| Clear airway, assisted breathing, cpr, vet. Don't drain or do thrusts to avoid aspiration |
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Term
| Types of zoonotic diseases |
|
Definition
| Ringworm (dermatophytosis), giardia,leptospirosis (urine from rats in soil or watet) rabies, worms,scabies,salmonella & e coli (expelled from butt),lyme(via tick), toxoplasma gondii (cat feces-is parasite' cats get it from raw meat/ratz) |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of blood supply to a body part |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Atlas is closest to skull.wings come off to sides.point of muscle attachment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Axis is closest to cervical joints. it is the second cervical joint. Dens are projections off axis which stabilize joint. If Dens are short like in small dogs, can cause problems and trauma to spine |
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Term
|
Definition
Like my hands coli g together in c's with
Fingers of right facing left like a c. Dens are the thumb.wing is a very wide flat thumb. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Anticlinal trAnsverse vertebral process of t10-11 |
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Definition
| Where t10-11th spinal bone changes Fire tion it slants to and goes straight up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacrum is formed by 3 fused bonez. sits between ilium, lumbar vert and causal vert. Wings articulate with ilium to form sacroiliac joint. |
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Term
|
Definition
| 13.made up of head, tubercle, shaft and coastal cartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| 8 including manubrium and xiphoid |
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Term
|
Definition
| it is a little process on the medial side of the scapula near the acromium that allows for the shoulder blade to attach to body as it is only attached by muscles.There is no bony connection. |
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Term
|
Definition
| greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyle, olecranon fossa |
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Term
| radius and ulna bony landmarks |
|
Definition
| olecranon process, anconeal process, radial head, medial coronoid process, styloid process, radial tuberosity |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| part of ulna. It is part of the joint where humerous and radius/ulna meet and articulate. This bone should fuse with ulna. Forms the back surface of the elbow joint. There is a growth plate between ulna and anconeal process. |
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Term
| coronoid process (medial) |
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Definition
| It is on the ulna. It is on part/top of bone that articulates with humerous. helps make sure joint works well. |
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Term
| elbow dysplasia can be caused by |
|
Definition
ununited anconeal process
fragmented coronoid process
osteochondritis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| on ulna on distal end. Radius kinda sits in this process. |
|
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Term
| how many carpal bones and what are they |
|
Definition
| 7. radial, accessory, ulnar and four distal carpals |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Five. Numbered I to IV from medial to lateral aspect. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| how many digits and what are they |
|
Definition
| five--4 weight bearing and one dewclaw. there are 9 sesamoids, ungula process and horny nail. |
|
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Term
| how many sesamoids in digits |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up the pelvic limb |
|
Definition
| pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, sesamoid, proximal phalanx, middle phalanx and distal phalanx (Phalanx is more than one phalange) |
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Term
|
Definition
| ilium, ischium, pubis, acetabulum, tuber coxae, ischial tuberosity, tuber sacrale, public symphyisi, wing and crest of ilium |
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Term
|
Definition
| on the ilium. The cranial, dorsal ilium wing forms sacral tuber. Ventrally forms the tuber coxae-point of hip |
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Term
|
Definition
| point of hip. On ilium ventrally to tuber sacral. |
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|
Term
which spines relate to this body part
neck, chest, loin, croup, tail |
|
Definition
neck=cervical
chest=thoracic
loin=lumbar
croup=sacral
tail=caudal vert |
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Term
|
Definition
| head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, tertiary trochanter, lateral and medial condyles, femoral trochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| (need to find more info.) can say it is distal because it relates to luxating patella. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (anterior and posterior) around knee |
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Term
|
Definition
| lateral and medial condyles, tibial tuberosity |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many tarsal bones and what are they |
|
Definition
| 7. Talus, calcaneous, central, and tarsals 1-4 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| connect muscle to bone; proprioception |
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Term
|
Definition
| connect bone to bone; proprioception; limit movement. |
|
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Term
| what types of ligaments and what do they do |
|
Definition
short and long:
collateral: also with the stifle and holds the knee in place from the side
cruciate: connects femur with tibia/fibula and stabilizes patella. Can rupture. |
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Term
| understand ligaments in knee better |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| protection, maintain hydration, separation of tissues, posture, conductivity, proprioception, |
|
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Term
|
Definition
subcutis
deep
retinacluli: fascia on tendons as they cross joints |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| On dorsal side of axis. Epaxial muscles on dorsal side of trunk. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epi, Peri and endo mysium |
|
Definition
connective tissue wraps around muscle
epi wraps around entire muscle
peri wraps around sections
endo wraps around ind muscle fiber |
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Term
| Epi, Peri and endo mysium |
|
Definition
connective tissue wraps around muscle
epi wraps around entire muscle
peri wraps around sections
endo wraps around ind muscle fiber |
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Term
|
Definition
| intravenous as in nutrition if dog has brain or lung injury |
|
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Term
| what is in a cell structure |
|
Definition
| membrane, mitochondria, nucleus, golgi complex, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, DNA and RNA |
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Term
| golgi complex (aka golgi body or golgi apparatus) |
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Definition
| an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. They read the RNA, and join amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Think protein synthesis. ER is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures The membranes are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The outer (cytosolic) face is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis and moves things to Golgi. |
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Term
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Definition
| are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Bacteria Their name comes from the Greek εὖ (eu, "well" or "true") and karyon, "nut" or "kernel").[6] Eukaryotic cells also contain other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and Unlike unicellular archaea and bacteria, eukaryotes may also be multicellular and include organisms consisting of many cell types forming different kinds of tissue. Animals and plants are the most familiar eukaryotes. |
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Term
|
Definition
is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells and most plant cells. Think digestion. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, cell signaling, and energy metabolism. They digest materials taken into the cell and recycle intracellular materials. Step one shows material entering a food vacuole through the plasma membrane, a process known as endocytosis. In step two a lysosomes within an active hydrolytic enzyme comes into picture as the food vacuole moves away from the plasma membrane. Step three consists of the lysosome fusing with the food vacuole and hydrolytic enzymes entering the food vacuole. In the final step, step four, hydrolytic enzymes digest the food particles.
Synthesis of lysosomal enzymes is controlled by nuclear genes. responsible for more than 30 different human genetic disorders, which are collectively known as lysosomal storage diseases. These diseases result from an accumulation of specific substrates, due to the inability to break them down. These genetic defects are related to several neurodegenerative disorders, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and ageing-related diseases.[8][9] |
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Term
|
Definition
| is a molecule composed of two chains (made of nucleotides) that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids; alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life. |
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Term
|
Definition
| is essential in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (mRNA) to convey genetic information that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signals. One of these active processes is protein synthesis, a universal function in which RNA molecules direct the assembly of proteins on ribosomes. This process uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to deliver amino acids to the ribosome, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) then links amino acids together to form proteins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| homeostasis, growth, reproduction, absorption, endocytosis, phagocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be internalized is surrounded by an area of plasma membrane, which then buds off inside the cell to form a vesicle containing the ingested material. Endocytosis includes pinocytosis (cell drinking) and phagocytosis (cell eating). |
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Term
|
Definition
is part of the endocytosis process. "to eat". is the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal compartment known as a phagosome. Phagocytosis is involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells. the process eliminates debris and pathogens
In an organism's immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and cell debris. For example, when a macrophage ingests a pathogenic microorganism, the pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome which then fuses with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. Within the phagolysosome, enzymes and toxic peroxides digest the pathogen. Bacteria, dead tissue cells, and small mineral particles are all examples of objects that may be phagocytized. |
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Term
|
Definition
| clear gel of cell containing all the organelles, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
| DNA is stored and transcribed into RNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| in cell where respiration produces a major source of cell energy from waste products. Krebs cycle. |
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Term
| Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) |
|
Definition
| is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and carbon dioxide. n eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells. No fertilization so no change in cells. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| is a specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them.[1] This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes, including animals, |
|
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Term
| dif with mitosis and meiosis |
|
Definition
| mitosis is like individual duplication of cells and meiosis is duplication because of sex and fertilization. Meiosis caused genetic changes where as mitosis is the same as the existing cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sinoatrial node (SA node), also known as sinus node, is a group of cells located in the wall of the right atrium of the heart.[1] These cells have the ability to spontaneously produce an electrical impulse (action potential; see below for more details), that travels through the heart via the electrical conduction system (see figure 1) causing it to contract. In a healthy heart, the SA node continuously produces action potential, setting the rhythm of the heart and so is known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The rate of action potential production (and therefore the heart rate) is influenced by nerves that supply it.[2] |
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Term
|
Definition
| also called glial cells are non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.[1] In the central nervous system, glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia, and in the peripheral nervous system glial cells include Schwann cells and satellite cells. They have four main functions: (1) To surround neurons and hold them in place (2) To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons (3) To insulate one neuron from another (4) To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons. They also play a role in neurotransmission and synaptic connections and in physiological processes like breathing, |
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Term
|
Definition
| penile or clitoral sheath |
|
|
Term
| Endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
Definition
Endo-the taking in of matter of a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole
Exo-contents of a vacuole are released thru fusion of vacuole membrane with cell membrane |
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|
Term
| Dif types of cell absorption |
|
Definition
diffusion: Passes thru cell wall
facilitated diffusion-goes thru special pore in membrane
endocytosis for the things that are bigger |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles in cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| type of endocytosis that requires specific membrane receptors to recognize and bind together and then does endocytosis |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| first stage of cell division (meiosis) before metaphase where chromosomes become visible. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cytolplasmic dvision of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| thickening and scarring of tissue as a result of injury |
|
|
Term
| 4 phases of wound healing |
|
Definition
hemostatis (stops bleeding) day 1-3
inflammation (new frame work for blood vessel growth) day 3-20
Proliferation or granulation (pulls wound closed)-Week 1-6
Remodeling or maturation - 1 week to 2 years. Final proper tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aka white blood cell. a colorless cell in blood and fluids that counteract disease. Several types like lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and macrophages |
|
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Term
|
Definition
t cell: called killer t cell. lymphocyte produced by thymus and part of immune response
B cell: al lymphocyte. not processed by thymus. PRoduces antibodies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| comes in from body via the Superior & Inferior Vena Cava (vein) into the right Atrium chamber. Then moves thru valve to right Ventricle chamber.Then passes through pulmonary (lung) valve into lungs into L&R pulmonary arteries (away) from heart. Gets oxygen from lungs and turns from blue to red. Returns back to left atrium and goes into left ventricle. THen passes through mitral valve and then aortic valve.Then blood goes through aorta to rest of body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| veins carry blood TO heart |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Body to Right Atrium to Right Ventricle to Lungs to Left Atrium to Left Ventricle to Aorta to body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transportation of gases
internal respiration |
|
|
Term
| dif with internal and external respiration |
|
Definition
external is breathing
internal is metabolic process where oxygen is released into tissues or cells and carbon dioxide is absorbed by blood. Oxygen is then used for ATP (muscles) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| also known as ischiatic nerve. makes connection from legs to brain via spinal cord. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motor signals, sleep, conciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| links nervous and endocrine system. hormones, growth, metabolism, reproduction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| continuous with spinal cord. Nerve supply to head. connects motor and sensory system, proprioception, pain, temperature, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| like message center between medulla and thalamus |
|
|
Term
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| neurons between motor snd sensory neurons |
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removes old RBC from blood
stores blood platelets
fetal red blood cell production |
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| regulates body and keeps the body from damaging host tissues while directing them to foreign bodies like virus and bacteria. |
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| what are the three attachments for bicep femurs |
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| average gestation period of dog |
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| when does a dog go into heat, for how long and how soon? |
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every six months and lasts 3 weeks.
Can start as early as 6 months. First is usually 6 to 24 months |
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| what transfers nutrients between blood and tissues |
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Definition
capillaries
(arterioles are the small end of the arteries before capillaries) |
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| where does exchange of gasses inlunchs occur |
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Definition
alveoli
Alveoli are after bronchioles |
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| cell membrane surrounding axon |
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| large phagocytic white blood cell |
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labile can reproduce (skin, blood, bone marrow)
stabile cannot reproduce (liver, kidney, endocrine glands) |
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margination: adhesion of leukocytes to epithelial cells of blood vessel walls at site of injury
migration: travel of those cell across by wall |
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| what regulates PH in body |
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Dermis (deeper layer)
Epidermis |
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| list layers of skin starting with dermis to epidermis |
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Definition
Papillary dermis (of areolar connective tissue)
Reticular dermis (most of dermis. dense connective tissue)
stratum basal epidermis (single row of keratinocytes)
stratum granulosum (3-4 rows of keratinocytes)
stratum lucidum (few layers of clear dead cells)
stratum corneum (thickest layer, 30 dead cells thick) |
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| dense irregular connective tissue |
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| what in dermis produces elastin and collagen |
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| loose connective tissue. The areolar tissue located in the skin binds the outer layers of the skin to the muscles beneath. Areolar tissue is also found in or around mucous membranes, and around blood vessels, nerves, and the organs of the body. |
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| In humans, adipose tissue is located: beneath the skin (subcutaneous fat), around internal organs (visceral fat), in bone marrow (yellow bone marrow), intermuscular (Muscular system) and in the breast tissue. Adipose tissue is found in specific locations, which are referred to as adipose depots. |
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| The reticular connective tissues are found in the kidney, the spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. Their function is to form a stroma and provide structural support, such as that in the lymphoid organs, e.g. red bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node stromal cells. See also: connective tissue. |
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| dense irregular connective tissue |
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Definition
Image result for where is dense irregular connective tissue founden.wikipedia.org
Dense irregular connective tissue is found in several locations: the dermis of the skin, the walls of large tubular organs, such as the alimentary canal, in glandular tissue, and in organ capsules. |
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| red blood cells that transport o2 and co2 to and from cell |
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| epidermal dendritic cells |
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Definition
Image result for where are epidermal dendritic cells located
Langerhans cells are dendritic cells (antigen-presenting immune cells) of the skin, and contain organelles called Birbeck granules. They are present in all layers of the epidermis and are most prominent in the stratum spinosum. they ward off infection |
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| subcutaneous tissus--adipose and fascia |
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| fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages and white blood cells |
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| a gland where the secretion is the gland material. ex is sebaceous glad |
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| vessels in small intestine that absorb fat |
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| In biology, a lumen (from Latin lūmen, meaning "an opening"; plural lumina) is the inside space of a tubular structure, such as an artery or intestine. By extension, the term lumen is also used to describe the inside space of a cellular component or structure, such as the endoplasmic reticulum. |
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the first part of the small intestine immediately beyond the stomach, leading to the jejunum. Image result for what does duodenum do
It receives partially digested food (known as chyme) from the stomach and plays a vital role in the chemical digestion of chyme in preparation for absorption in the small intestine. Many chemical secretions from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder mix with the chyme in the duodenum to facilitate chemical digestion. |
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| Your gallbladder sits on the right side of your belly, below your liver. It’s a small organ, shaped like a pear, that holds a fluid called bile. This liquid, made in your liver, helps you digest fats and certain vitamins. When you eat, your body gets the signal to release it -- through channels called ducts -- into your small intestine. |
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Definition
| Your gallbladder sits on the right side of your belly, below your liver. It’s a small organ, shaped like a pear, that holds a fluid called bile. This liquid, made in your liver, helps you digest fats and certain vitamins. When you eat, your body gets the signal to release it -- through channels called ducts -- into your small intestine. |
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Serous Membrane
Illu stomach2.jpg
Stomach. (Serosa is labeled at far right, and is colored yellow.)
Details
Precursor mesoderm
Identifiers
Latin tunica serosa
MeSH D012704
FMA 9581
Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]
Layers of the GI Tract english.svg
This article is one of a series on the
Gastrointestinal wall
General structure[hide]
Epithelium Mucosa Submucosa Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa Adventitia
Specific[show]
Organs[show]
vte
In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth tissue membrane consisting of two layers of mesothelium, which secrete serous fluid. The inner layer that covers organs (viscera) in body cavities is called the visceral membrane. A second layer of epithelial cells of the serous membrane, called the parietal layer, lines the body wall. Between the two layers is a potential space, mostly empty except for a few milliliters of lubricating serous fluid that is secreted by the two serous membranes.[1] |
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| the layer of areolar connective tissue lying beneath a mucous membrane. |
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| the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and ileum. |
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| dif with endocrine and exocrine gland |
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Definition
| Endocrine glands release chemical substances directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body.The chemical substances released by the endocrine glands are known as hormones. Exocrine glands release chemical substances through ducts to outside the body or onto another surface within the body. |
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| ex. of endocrine and exocrine glands |
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Definition
endo; secrete hormones directly into body (no ducts). pineal (melatonin); ovaries/testes (estrogen/progest/testosterone)
Exocrine: uses a duct. sweat, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous.
method of secretion[edit]
Exocrine glands are named apocrine glands, holocrine glands, or merocrine glands based on how their products are secreted.[1]
Merocrine secretion – cells excrete their substances by exocytosis; for example, pancreatic acinar cells.
Apocrine secretion – a portion of the cell membrane that contains the excretion buds off.
Holocrine secretion – the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance; for example, sebaceous glands of the skin and nose.
product secreted[edit]
Serous cells secrete proteins, often enzymes. Examples include gastric chief cells and Paneth cells
Mucous cells secrete mucus. Examples include Brunner's glands, esophageal glands, and pyloric glands
Mixed glands secrete both protein and mucus. Examples include the salivary glands: although the parotid gland 20%is predominantly serous, the sublingual gland 5% mainly mucous gland, and the submandibular gland 70%is a mixed, mainly serous gland.
Sebaceous glands secrete Sebum, a lipid product. These glands are also known as oil glands, e.g. Fordyce spots and Meibomian glands.
Liver and pancreas are both. |
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how many spinal nerves
how many cranial nerves |
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Definition
36 (8 cervical, 13 thoracic; 7 lumber, 3 sacral; 5 caudal)
12 pairs |
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| epidermis layers & cell type |
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Definition
basale: keratinocytes
spinosum; melanocytes
granulosum: Langerhans
lucidium: Merkel |
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Definition
| blood, bone, proper (loose & dense), cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartigilege) |
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| controls gastrointestinal system |
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| dif between neuron and neuroglia (glia) (which make up nervous tissue) |
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Definition
neuron - fundamental unit
neuroglia: non-neuronal in brain and spinal cord that form myelin and provide support for neurons |
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dendrites
cell body
single axon
Schwann cells (makes myelin) |
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| spinal nerves have 2 roots |
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dorsal (sensory)
Ventral root (motor) |
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Meissners: sensitive to light touch
Merkel: sensitive to pressure an texture (skin and mucous)
Pacinian: sensitive to gross pressure and vibrations
Ruffini: sensitive to sustained pressure an tension, skin stretch |
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| types of sensory receptors |
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Definition
interoreceptors: in internal organs (hunger, bp, thirst)
Proprioreceptors (includes stretch receptors which are in muscles); stretch receptors include muscle spindle fibers & golgi tendon organs |
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| Proprioceptive muscle spindle fibers & golgi tendon organs |
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Definition
Muscle spindle fibers: in muscle belly; prevents overstitching
Golgi Tendon Organ: in tendon. monitors tendon tension |
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duodenum: receives digestive enzymes from pancreas & bile from liver and gallbladder
jejunum: absorbs food nutrients
ileum: b/t jejunum and large intestine |
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| in kidney; urine is produced |
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| 2 common skin problems in dogs |
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Definition
| alopecia & pruritus (itching) |
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Term
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Definition
| pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal, hypothalamus, pancreas |
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| puppies heart rate goes up to |
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| colorless, watery fluid rich with lymphocytes (white blood cells) |
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| include B cells (grow in bone marrow), T cells (grow in thymus), Natural Killer cells (10% of lymphocytes) |
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Definition
largest organ of immune system. produces antibodies
stores and filters blood |
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| thrombocytes (also called platelets) |
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Definition
| responsible for clotting. massage increase number in cardiovascular system |
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| what cell structure is off switch for muscles |
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bone to bone
muscle spasm
capsular (joint capsule/leathery) i.e. knees
springy block: bounce back (loose cartilage may block)
tissue approximation: stopped by tissue (hamstrings) |
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| from side: calcaneal tubor is too far back an tarsals are slanged back and foot is a bit too forward |
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normal side view back leg conformation
normal side view front leg |
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Definition
point of buttock to tip of toe. hock is behind line.
point of shoulder straight thru with line just behind front foot |
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Term
| steps: walk, trot, run, gallop |
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Definition
walk:
trot: 2 beat LH & RF; RH & LF
run/canter (left lead): RH - LH & RF together - LF
Canter (right lead): LH - RH & LF together - RF
Gallop: like canter RH, LH, RF. FL, suspension |
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| in tendons, senses force, source of Golgi tendon reflex. Golgi gauges injury point of muscle when using it and will cause muscle to relax to avoid pain (not sure if GTO means Golgi Tendon). This is a spinal reflex |
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