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| engagement on the open sea by attacking shipping and trade lines... valued capture and havoc reeking... goal = disrupt trade |
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| (war of squadrons) fleet fs. fleet... traditional naval warfare.... ships of the line... |
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| State sponsored and run Navies, largely ineffective in Guerre d'Escadre |
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| Naval Act of 1794 = 6 Frigates... the early navy.. few, fast, effective |
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| People who privately owned ships and had the legal authority to raid and plunder other ships, particularly ships of commerce and then sell them back |
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| embodies Guere de course... capturing and raiding ships of commerce = ruins the victim country's trade/economy... also redirects the victims concentration |
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| A person who argue for a strong national Navy... to show the flag... to defend our own ships of commerce... Sea Power |
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| Large/GovFunded Navy = Bad... Too much $$$ and ineffective... navy is parasitic for a young nation... we can use the French navy |
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| (Alexander Hamilton) - strong national govt was needed for young nation... tended to be traders, merchants, and other capitol holders |
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| Democrat-Republican (anti-Federalist) |
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| (Thomas Jefferson) much stricter interpretation of the constitution... tended to favor yeoman farmer to that of federalist merchant.. small govt. selling point = federalism was a lot like British King |
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| Admiral Sir John Hawkins; English shipbuilder, architect, Admiral, Naval controller and treasurer. Re-Built the Royal Navy with new designs to withstand Spanish armada, and served as a vice admiral in 1588 when the British destroyed the Spanish Navy. He was also well known for starting the triangular trade where he made a profit each step of the triangle. |
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| captain, privateer, navigator, sailor, 2nd in command of the English fleet versus the Spanish armada. Circumnavigation in 1580 |
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| The weather gage is a nautical term used to describe the advantageous position of a fighting sailing vessel, relative to another. Age of sail: advantage: upwind if open ocean, downwind if friendly territory or faster. |
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| line ships up side to side, rendering them vulnerable to fire as they approach the line, but once entering they would devastate and break the line of the opposing navy. (Nelson; Trafalgar) |
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| Formal School/Melee School |
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| education ashore for midn’s etc///education at sea, learning as a midshipman on a vessel |
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| ships that could stand and hold their own against the line ahead. The largest most heavily gunned ships that’s brute force won |
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| The Battle of Málaga (or Velez Malaga) was the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession that took place on 24 August 1704 south of Málaga, Spain. |
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| undistinguished admiral, served for many years, most of admiralty career in Austrian war of success climaxing with his failure of command at the Battle of Toulon, which was not a success and resulted in his eventual retirement. |
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| CnC of American Fleet during Revolution, privateer commander in slave trade, lead the battle of Nassau, and was blockaded in Narragansett Bay he failed to take action and was eventually relieved in 1778. |
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| HMS Glasgow/CAPT Tyringham Howe |
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| Ran into the American fleet and as a single vessel disabled two and out maneuvered the rest and escaped due to incompetent American sailing. |
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| Seven Years' War/French and Indian War |
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| 1st global war, all major powers, resulted in balance of power changes, but most important was 7 years war///in colonies, French and Indians v British, drove French out of Canada, left only with Louisiana territory, demonstrated the conflict between the French and British and gave the brits a significant foot hold in the U.S. |
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| Stamp Act/Townsend Acts/Intolerable Acts |
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| Taxes caused by the F/I war to pay for the war, the British defended the colonies at no cost to them, the colonists felt lack of representation so it is a leading cause of rebellion form the government of the British. |
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| of WestPoint from the continental Army to the British = bad dude! |
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| Benedict Arnold, lost fleet but successfully defended against the opposing British in defense of the lakes, defense = not split states. |
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| U.S. Ship Builder, when Congress in 1794 passed the act providing for the construction of six frigates, he was called upon to design them. He was appointed Naval Constructor 28 June 1794 and began work on these important ships, the beginnings of the U.S. Navy. 6 of the best frigates ever produced = awesome success including the constitution, constellation etc… |
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| Successful Naval Leader post revolution, commanded constellation, president amongst other ships, he was successful in going to china, and capturing prizes including French vessel L'Insurgente making him somewhat of a hero. |
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| bought land for what would become D.C., then Served as the first SECNAV for Pres. Adams, during Quasi War resulting in policy decision to attack enemy’s strength i.e. French in the carribean successful leadership and administration meant a successful campaign. Wanted to expand Navy. |
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| Constellation vs. Vengeance |
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| constellation beasted those with faster ship, but less power on broadside, caught up and nearly destroyed French ship, while suffering heavy damage, demonstrated the new frigate design’s significant power and ability. French ship ended up landed at port of Curaçao embarassed. |
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| leader of the Tripoli forces declared War on U.S. Demanded 225K $ tribute Jefferson refused naval blockade after Philadelphia incident (grounding and sinking) eventually signed a treaty. |
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| Served as commander of Tripoli war, sunk the Philadelphia and had many future navy greats under him. He also established much of the Doctrine for the modern Navy and was highly distinguished. |
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| Hero of Barbary wars, and 1812, youngest ever captain in the U.S. Navy at 25, served with distinction in Tripoli. He captured the Macedonian in an excellent display of skill and took it as a prize, was blockaded by brit fleet. He attempted to leave but was stopped by a British squadron. He spent the remainder of the war a prisoner. 2nd Barbary war he used gunboat diplomacy and had all demands met ending pirate states. |
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| In 1798 Barron was placed in command of the Augusta and took part in the Quasi-War with France. During the First Barbary War, he commanded the President and relieved Edward Preble near Tripoli. |
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| United States vs. Macedonian |
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| 1812: Decatur captured her in single combat with the U.S. commanded by Decatur; he decimated it from long range prize and success for the U.S. |
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| James Barron vs. Stephen Decatur |
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| In 1820, Commodore James Barron challenged Decatur to a duel, relating in part to comments Decatur had made over Barron's conduct in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair of 1807. Decatur had served on the court-martial that had found Barron guilty of unpreparedness, and had barred him from a command for the next five years. He was mortally wounded and died, pres Monroe showed up to funeral |
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| 1813, in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812. Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of Great Britain’s Royal Navy. This ensured American control of the lake for the remainder of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. It was one of the biggest naval battles of the war of 1812. (oliver hazard perry) |
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| attack on Plattsburgh, naval victory though onshore defeat, Brts had to withdraw because city could not be supplied, the result was no leverage for the Treaty of Ghent ending the war giving the U.S. nearly exclusive great lake control. |
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| United States vs. Macedonian |
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| 1812: Decatur captured her in single combat with the U.S. commanded by Decatur; he decimated it from long range prize and success for the U.S. |
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| Constitution vs. Guerriere |
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| Captain Hull attacked in heavy seas , destroyed the mizzenmast and then his opponents mainmast in a locked battle dealing significant damage to the enemy, captured 200 soldiers and increased morale. |
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| William Bainbrige command of constitution, similar battle to Guerriere, prompted British Naval authority to order: no frigate on frigate action of British frigates because it proved superior American vessels. |
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| Great United States Exploring Expedition |
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| The United States Exploring Expedition was an exploring and surveying expedition of the Pacific Ocean ("the Southern Seas") conducted by the United States Navy from 1838–1842. The original appointed commanding officer was Commodore Thomas ap Catesby Jones. The voyage was authorized by Congress in 1836. It is sometimes called the "Ex. Ex." for short, or "the Wilkes Expedition" in honor of its next appointed commanding officer, U.S. Navy Lt. Charles Wilkes (1798–1877). The expedition was of major importance to the growth of science in the United States. |
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| 1854: between Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the U.S. Navy and the Empire of Japan. The treaty opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to United States trade, guaranteed the safety of shipwrecked U.S. sailors; however, the treaty did not create a basis for establishing a permanent residence in these locations. The treaty did establish a foundation for the Americans to maintain a permanent consul in Shimoda. The arrival of the fleet would trigger the end of Japan's 200 year policy of seclusion caused unrest and internal conflicts in country |
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| Author of histories of Naval Leader, and most involved in the Somers affair where Sec War’s son was involved |
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| alleged mutineer, and leader of mutiny in the uss Somers, controversy because he was the son of the Sec War, as a midshipman he was hung without court-martial causing trouble cuz his dad was the boss! |
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| 20 day siege, first amphibious landing resulted in capture of city and eventual march to Mexico City. Led by Winfield Scott, David cooner and Matthew Perry demonstrated amphibious success. |
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| COMMO Robert F. Stockton (activities during Mexican War) |
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| took Monterey 1846, then was the leader of all major forces throughout California during that time. |
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| Opening of the Civil War in 1861, siege eventually led to 34 hour shelling relatively non lethal, Southern aggression to begin war. |
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| Suffocate the south(blockade), split it, defend D.C. |
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| Florida (the ship, not the state) |
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| A blockade runner captured by the Union and had some relatively small success before getting captured. |
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| Alabama (the ship, not the state) |
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| CSS Alabama was a screw sloop-of-war built for the Confederate States Navy at Birkenhead, United Kingdom, in 1862 by John Laird Sons and Company Alabama served as a commerce raider, attacking Union merchant and naval ships over the course of her two-year career, during which she never laid anchor in a Southern port. |
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| Shenandoah (the ship, not the state) |
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| CSS Shenandoah, formerly Sea King, was an iron-framed, teak-planked, full-rigged vessel with auxiliary steam power, captained by Commander James Waddell, CSN, a North Carolinian with twenty years' service in the Federal navy. Shenandoah fired the last shot of the American Civil War, in waters off the Aleutian Islands hit a lot of whaling ships. |
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| Shenandoah (the ship, not the state) |
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| CSS Shenandoah, formerly Sea King, was an iron-framed, teak-planked, full-rigged vessel with auxiliary steam power, captained by Commander James Waddell, CSN, a North Carolinian with twenty years' service in the Federal navy. Shenandoah fired the last shot of the American Civil War, in waters off the Aleutian Islands hit a lot of whaling ships. |
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| 1862 - '63: 11 battle campaign to take over Vicksburg, led by Maj Gen, Grant. Admiral Farragut also led siege form naval side shelling and breaking the “nail that held the south together” good cooperation between the Army and Navy. |
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| Farragut v Buchannan, attacking 3 forts guarding the bay. Army navy cooperation successful but more importantly was the battle where the Tennessee ironclad was the last ship that remained vs. the union fleet, the result was the eventual surrender of the forts and Mobile bay. |
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| The Battle of Port Royal was one of the earliest amphibious operations of the American Civil War, in which a United States Navy fleet and United States Army expeditionary force captured Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, between Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina, on November 7 1861. union leaders Samuel F. Du Pont Thomas W. Sherman |
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| Highly successful attacks on forts in Tenessee, led to the naval cooperation with Army henry done without army arriving, donelson was done with the Army, Gen Grant, and ADm, Foote |
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| (Merrimack/monitor) CSS merrimak c/o Buchannan, v Monitor first Ironclad battle, changed worldwide naval strategy and ended wooden boat production worldwide. |
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| Admiral in the U.S. Navy, master seaman, and leader, he played roles in the civil war commanding the Nantucket monitor during the blockade of Charleston, he served as the department head for seamanship at the Academy, and wrote its texts. Most notably however is his role in establishing the Naval war college in Newport, Rhode Island in 1884. He worked on many training modules for the Navy and after retiring in 1899 he served as faculty at the naval war college for more than a decade. |
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| naval war strategist, wrote "the influence of sea power on history" 1660-1783, he wrote that we need to keep the fleet together… if we can take their military everything else will fall. |
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| Atlanta Boston Chicago and Dolphin >>>> flush decks.. towering mass.. steel hulls… electricity…the first armored cruisers and dispatch vessels. |
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| President, Great white fleet, Big Stick Policy, hero at San Juan hill, Bull moose |
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| took place on 1 May 1898, during the Spanish-American War. The American Asiatic Squadron under Commodore George Dewey engaged the Spanish Pacific Squadron under Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón and destroyed the Spanish squadron. The engagement took place in Manila Bay, the Philippines, and was the first major engagement of the Spanish-American War... allowed for land attacks by the Filipinos |
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| Admiral of the Navy (6 stars), hero of Manila Bay, ran for president in 1900 naval officer distinguished through the civil war to his death in 1917 |
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| (9 February 1840 – 6 May 1902) was a United States Navy rear admiral known for his victory in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba during the Spanish-American War where the Spanish tried to escape at the last minute and instead their fleet was destroyed. |
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| New modern Navy Warships circumnavigated the globe 1907-1909.. 4 battleship groups with escorts painted white showing U.S. hegemony and strength in the early 20th century |
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| a battleship of the British Royal Navy that revolutionized naval power when she entered service in 1906. Dreadnought represented such a marked advance in naval technology that her name came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships first battleship of her era to have a uniform main battery, rather than having a few large guns complemented by a heavy secondary battery of somewhat smaller guns. She was also the first capital ship to be powered by steam turbines, making her the fastest battleship in the world at the time of her completion. Sparked the naval arms race that resulted in WWI |
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| 1880 grad, wanted to improve gunnery target practice, pres-Roosevelt appointed him inspector of gunnery, and he advanced, served as president of Naval War college, then later as U.S. liaison during WWI to Britain by the end of the war he was commander of all forces in Europe and Vice-Admiral, he served again at the Naval war college and reached the rank of admiral while receiving the Pulitzer prize for his book The victory at sea |
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| May-June 1916 largest WWI naval battle tactical victory for British because they still held the north sea, but lost more ships, held the German navy in the area. the Germans tried to stop the British blockade by traping the greater British force. The Germans succeeded in destroying many British Ships but fell short of their goal… both sides claimed victory. |
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| Washington Naval Conference |
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| For the American delegation, led by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes was to avoid another naval race, wanted to decrease Japanese naval expansion, and limit Anglo-American naval tension ultimately helped enable Japanese rise to power pre WWII Nov 1921-Feb 1922.... first disarmament conference.. 9 countries invited |
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| Plan for attacking Japan, southern Islands support form CA and other bases then up to Japan different form actual strategy b/c pearl harbor and advanced aircraft and sub’s. 1919 developed 1924 adopted |
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| destined to be the basis for American strategy in World War II, assumed that the United States was allied with Britain and France and provided for offensive operations by American forces in Europe, Africa, or both which concluded ultimately that the United States would adhere to a Europe First strategy in World War II. |
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| designed the Navy air fleet, medal of honor at Vera Cruz, Began in WWI training naval pilot’s, and lobbied for naval pilots as opposed to a Air Force, died April 1922 when the “Akron” dirigible went down |
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| sunk an old German battleship in 1921 proving American air superiority over ships. Used as a test air strike |
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| 1877 grad, WWI commanded in pacific, commanding officer in absence of fleet commander, Supe @ Annapolis 1914-15 distinguished career RADM |
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| Develop advanced gunnery for HMN to be out of torpedo range, and served as a naval officer where he met trouble with superiors, before WWI he was recalled, and during WWI was in charge of developing a London Air defense against the German’s. |
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| Killed by Americans in 1943, Navy BAMF for Japan…Planned and Lead Pearl Harbor and Midway was the leader of All Japanese Naval forces and was a national Hero. |
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| First all naval aerial attack, done upon the Italian fleet, signaling the end of the big gun ship and the rise of naval air power. November 1940 |
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| WWI failed landing of British forces on the peninsula to open a third front against the Germans and its allies and to cut off supplies to the German war effort, failed miserably under Winston Churchill in 1915 |
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| Tentative Landing Operations Manual |
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| The doctrine set forth the organization, theory and practice of landing operations by establishing new troop organization and the development of amphibious landing crafts and tractors. Also, they emphasized the use of aerial and naval support in beach landings for the troops. The final element of the formula was the annual exercises called the 'Fleet Landing Exercises', adopted in 1935 |
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| Medal of honor, commander of Philippines troops was going to lead Japanese invasion, but accepted surrender instead, protected the royal family, served in WWI, WWII, Korea, removed in Korea for publicly disagreeing with Truman. |
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| Fleet Admiral Nimitz USN (24 February 1885 – 20 February 1966) was a five-star admiral in the United States Navy. He held the dual command of Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet ("CinCPac" pronounced "sink-pack"), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II. He was the leading U.S. Navy authority on submarines, as well as Chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation in 1939. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) from 1945 until 1947. He was the United States' last surviving Fleet Admiral |
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| May 4–8, 1942 –Japs planned invasion vs U.S. forces first battle where ships did not see eac hother. Tried to invade Port Morresby New gunea. Led by adm Fletcher on U.S., Adm. Inoue for japan |
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| june 1942—destrouction of Japanese carrier force, ADM Fletcher, Spurance, Nimitz, vs. Adm Yamamoto |
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| Capture and POW’s treatment humanely |
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| Fleet admiral King CNO, in charge of Naval forces in WWII, known for being rude and abrasive, but expert organizer. |
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| Grand Admiral Donitz, was the commander of German Naval forces throughout WWII, he served as 2nd to Hitler whom he was appointed successor, he served in WWI as naval fleet commander and eventually President, was convicted of war crimes and spent 10 years imprisoned |
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| Patton and Ike (U.S. commander) lead invasion of N.Africa with British instead of second front to help Russian’s. Attacked in 3 promg attack at major ports/airports. Did not know if Vichy troops would actually fight them. |
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| D-Day, June 6, 1944 Ike, 175000 troop amphib landing largest ever, 5 sectors: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword. |
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| German device used for encryption of messages, British had one and used it as an effective tool in hunting and knowing about submarines as well as other operations in Germany, was partially obsolete by end of war when the Germans added another wheel making encryption and decoding more advanced. |
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| 1st battle of Gaudacanal campaign, adm Yamamoto, and Mikawa, and aDm turner USN, Japanese task force to stop Allied invasion of the island, Aug 1942, Japanese victory destroying 4 of 5 destroyers. |
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| Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands |
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| Sunk the U.S.S. hornet, damaged two carriers, ships lost Japanese victory but decimated Japanese Air crews resulting in a strategic allied victory, October 1942 broke the stalemate between Japanese and U.S. forces |
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| The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal |
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| November 1942 result was heavy losses on both sides but Japanese lost both battleships and many aircraft and crews. The U.S. defended Henderson field, and destroyed many of the transport ships resulting the U.S. not getting dislodged from Guadalcanal and overall victory in south pacific. |
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| Invasion by 3 MC divisions led by Lieutenant General Smith, defending was General Siato, The Japanese has roughly 1/5 of their force commit suicide, and 900 captured while 24000 were killed, U.S. Invasion part of Island hopping June-July 1944 |
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| Battle of the Philippine Sea |
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| Marianas Turkey Shoot was Adm. Spraunce, vs adm Ozawa, between (24 carriers (15 American)) June 1944 roughly 600 Japanese aircraft lost, and gave the Allies total control of naval aircraft in the Pacific |
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| Bull Halsey fleet admiral and commander of 3rd fleet commanding the USS enterprise as his flagship. Battle of Leyete Gulf nearly lost it but won (San Bernadino Straight blunder) halsey took task force 34 |
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| Commander of 2nd fleet or central force, he led the charge and retreat through the SnaBernadino Straight, he believed the fight futile and was criticized for it eventually became dant and IJN academy |
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| Naval Aviator Important in air support during WWI pacific campaign, He was one of the Senior air commanders and fought in many major carrier battles |
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