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| 1. The state of knowing: knowlede as distinguished from ignorance or misunderstanding |
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| The combination of all things and factors exterrnal to the individual or population of organism in question |
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The process of drawing a conclusion about an object or event that has yet to be observed or occur, on the basis of previous observations of similar objects or events.
Example: 1. year after year, trees lose their leaves, we can predict that it will do it again next year. |
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Process of reasoning in which reasons are given in support of a claim. The reasons, or justifications are called the premises of the claim, and the claim they purport to justify is called the conclusion. The actual truth or falsity of the premises and the conclusion is not at issue in determining whether an argument is a valid deduction
Example: premise1: All birds can fly.
Premise2: a penguin is a bird.
Conclusion: therefore, penguins can fly. |
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1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Testing
4. Data collection
5. Interpretation of the results
6. Draw conclusions
7. Repeat process with refined hypothesis/testing if needed |
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| a proposed explaination for a phenomenon |
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| self-consistent framerwork for describing phenomena |
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| generalization bassed on repeated tests using empirical (experiential) observations |
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| For a hypothesis or theory to be scientific, there must be experimental or observational data that could prove the theory untrue |
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| A set of “universally” (widely recognized scientific achievements that for a time provided model for a community of practitioners |
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beneath the plates move the crustal plates in different directions
Movement of whole air (or water) masses, either relatively warm or cool – temperature/ density-driven |
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EM radiation -- a self-propagating wave of oscillating electric and magnetic fields
An EM wave travels at the speed of light (c)
– 3 x 108 m/s (300,000 km/s)
– 186,000 mi/s
1) Wavelengths
2) Frequency |
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visable light
Radio, microwave, infrared, visable, ultraviolent, x-ray, gamma ray |
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| is a measure of disorder in a system |
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| CHANGE) energy is neither created or destroyed but may be converter from one to another * THERE ARE NO FREE LUNCHES |
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| (LOSS) in any energy conversion, you will end up with less useable energy than when you started * YOU CAN’T BREAK EVEN |
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| rate of energy delivered measured in watts or HP |
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| two thin myler layers, lower has atoms with single electron in outer orbit, (can lose easily) upper layer has atoms lacking one electron in outer orbit, easily accepts them |
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| wind and water (windmills, turbines, etc.) |
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| heat transferred from sun |
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| function using hydrogen fuel and oxygen together, hydrogen is generated on one side and oxygen is imported from air, together they produce water and heat. |
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using a product from one object to create energy or fuel
(burning wood) |
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| the notion of spontaneous changes also apply to materials. |
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| 1) applying mathematics to the formulation of scientific laws and 2) basing the field of physics on precise measurements rather than discussions about the nature of the universe? |
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| Who focused on the role of incorrect assumptions in slowing down the progress of science and emphasized the value of collecting data systematically? |
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| Who emphasized the value to science of skepticism and careful logic (he saw reason as the fundamental source of knowledge) and of building certain knowledge only upon prior certainties? |
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| Who wrote about scientists as working within specific paradigms (worldviews)—pointing out that one paradigm may persist for a long time until the pressure of evidence for a fault in it becomes so great that a crisis ensues and a wholly different paradigm is adopted? |
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| The framework of physics described by Isaac Newton allowed scientists to make a lot of progress—until they started trying to understand how things worked at the atomic level. Then progress stopped until they started using Alfred Einstein’s framework of relativity. Looked at in this historical context, it’s an example of which of the following? |
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| The Law of the Conservation of Energy is also known as the |
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| Many forms of chemical energy can be measured in |
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| The observation that some usable energy is lost in every energy conversion is encompassed in the |
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| Energy cannot be completely recycled because in every energy conversion |
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| some kinetic energy is lost as heat |
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| interaction of adjacent atoms or molecules without the bulk movement of matter |
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| movement of whole air (or water) masses, due to differences in temperature/density |
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| The energy value of useful work performed by a process will always be _____ the energy of the fuel it consumes. |
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| the application of force over a distance. |
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| How are fossil fuels formed? |
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| fossil fuels are formed by organic matter buried under setiments with time heat and pressure create: coal, oil and natural gas. |
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| Which fossil fuels are estimated to have the largest domestic (U.S.) supply? |
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| In the 1950’s, M. King Hubbart predicted: |
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U.S. oil production would peak during the 1970s
2. World oil production would peak around 2010
3. U.S. dependence on foreign oil would increase |
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| Which regions currently supplies most of the oil imported by the U.S.? |
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| Western Hemisphere countries |
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| The most common source of electrical energy production is from: |
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| Energy is the capacity to do 1.----- and is measured in 2.----- in the S.I. system. |
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| T or F, Bioconversion is a desirable alternative energy source because it is available in widespread domestic supplies and it reduces greenhouse gas emissions. |
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| The fuel in a “fuel cell” is |
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| T or F, Hydropower is an indirect form of solar energy. |
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| Electricity can be generated at individual buildings from solar energy using |
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| The largest energy use category in California is for |
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| The largest energy use category in California is for |
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| A solar heating system that operates by moving water or air with natural convection currents or gravity is termed 1.----- |
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| Per capita household energy use in North America has ________ since 1970. |
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| Photovoltaic cells generate electricity by causing _____________ to move between their upper and lower layers. |
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| The three largest sources of renewable energy currently being used are |
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| Hydropower, biomass energy, geothermal |
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| Within U.S. households, the two largest energy uses are for |
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