Term
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Definition
Cost of purchasing crude oil
cost of processing crude oil
Taxs: pays for roads/pollution control |
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Term
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Definition
| poor quality coal. From swamp vegitation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Optimal coal. High carbon, low water |
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Term
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Definition
Orginazation of Petroluem Exporting Countries:
Saudi Arabia, Libya, Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Indonesia, Gabon, Kuwait, Algeria, Qatar, Iran, Nigeria, Venezuela |
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Term
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Definition
| Has tremendous power and influence |
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Term
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Definition
surface mining
underground mining |
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Term
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Definition
overburden removed
strip mining
expensive and brutal on environment |
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Term
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Definition
Overburden > 100 meters
very dangerous
black lung disease |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
microscopic marine animals
buried under setimnet
shale holds oil
sandstone and rock pressure oil out of shale |
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Term
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Definition
Less damaging than coal
pollution
cost
extraction
spills |
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Term
| Artic National Wildlife Refuge |
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Definition
16 billion barrels
US uses 7 billion/year
sensitivity of tundra vegitation and permafrost
can't be removed without damage to wildlife and ecosystem
Not worth the cost |
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Term
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Definition
Passive
Active
Solar generated electricity |
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Term
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Definition
No moving parts
construcitn of a home
wall collects heat and stores it |
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Term
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Definition
solar collector, pump, and pipes to transfer heat from collection site to use area.
Very costly to install |
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Term
| Solar generated elctricity |
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Definition
photovoltic cell converts sunlight to energy.
good in remote regions
too expensive for urban areas. |
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Term
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Definition
Burn organic materials
fuelwood, animal waste, ag residue.
most used in under developed countries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made of graphite to shield from radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| water; slow neutrons down |
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Term
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Definition
1. mine uranium ore
2. milling process (concentrated uranium=yellow cake)
3. fabricate fuel: pellets to rods
4. reprocessing/waste storage |
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Term
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Definition
Valve stuck, pump broke, coolant didn't get pumped in.
partial meltdown
released steam into the atmosphere
One bilion dollar clean up |
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Term
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Definition
Operator error
Full meltdown
Poor design
Ignored warnings, poor safety
Ran diffucult test at 1am
In 10 seconds energy up 2000X
Steam explostion. 1000 MT concrete roof disintergrated
10 days to contain
37 fatalities
still high radation |
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Term
| high level radioactive waste |
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Definition
fuel rods
weapons
manufacturing |
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Term
| low level redioactive waste |
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Definition
cooling water
medical waste
reactor parts |
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Term
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Definition
Chernobyl
13 like plants still in opperation
Weapons testing/ships
Ship reactors dumped in Kara sea
Bombs used in construction |
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Term
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Definition
Urban Sprawl
Tract Development
Ribbon Sprawl |
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Term
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Definition
| Unplanned, low density housing and commercial developments away from cities |
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Term
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Definition
| High density housing/commercial sites. "Cookie cutter housing" |
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Term
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Definition
| Along transportation routes connected to city |
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Term
| Factors that Affect Sprawl |
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Definition
Lifestyle (wealth)
Economic: non-urban land cheap
Planning policy: lack of planning |
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Term
| Problems with unplanned growth/sprawl |
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Definition
1.Transportation
2.Air/water polution
3.Loss of farmland
4.Flood Plane problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces size of soil particles |
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Term
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Definition
freezing
erosion
glaciers
wind
water
roots
burrows |
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Term
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Definition
freezing
erosion
glaciers
wind
water
roots
burrows |
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Term
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Definition
chemical nature of parent material
time
climate
flora/fauna
slope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organic material from decay of plants and animals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Soil Conservation Practices |
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Definition
1. Conture farming
2.Strip farming
3.Terracing
4.Waterways
5.Windbreaks
6.Tillage methods |
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Term
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Definition
tilling at right angles to a slope
good on gentle ridges
act as dams
slows water and may reduce errosion by 50% |
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Term
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Definition
Alternating stips of crops
good in steeper area |
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Term
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Definition
create terraces at right angles to slope
Good in very steep areas
should be avoided |
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Term
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Definition
Runoff channels
natural slope
protect with sod/grass |
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Term
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Definition
planting of trees/shrubs to protect bare soil from wind
Right angles to prevailing wind
strip crops can act as wind breaks |
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Term
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Definition
reduced tillage:leaves 15-30%
conservation:leaves >30% |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen, phoshorus, potassium |
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Term
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Definition
| boron, zinc, manganese, etc |
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Term
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Definition
| kills only target organism |
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Term
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Definition
remain active/kill for long time
don't break down |
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Term
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Definition
cheap
specific
non-persistent
harmless to non-targets |
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Term
| Problems with pesiticide use |
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Definition
Persistence
bioaccumulation/biomagnification
pesticid resistance
nontarget effects
human health concerns |
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