Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Cascades
- potentially most dangerous in Cascades
- lahar will seriously damage |
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Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Cascades
- Large Landslides,lateral blasts,lahar and pyroclastic flows
- Most active in Cascades |
|
|
Term
| What are volcanic rocks classified as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three types of volcanic rocks? |
|
Definition
| Andesite, Rhyolite, Basalt |
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Term
| What type of tectonic setting do you find Andesite and Rhyolite Rocks? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of tectonic setting do you find Basalt Rocks? |
|
Definition
| Mid Ocean Ridges and Hot Spots |
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Term
|
Definition
-Dark color
-Low viscosity (flows easily)
-Quiet eruption
-Composition of ocean's crust
-Erupts Divergent plate boundaries (MORs) and Hot spots |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most common elements in the crust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which 2 elements are always found in minerals that make up volcanic rocks? |
|
Definition
Silicon and Oxygen
*They control the viscosity |
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Term
|
Definition
- large volcanoes with broad, gentle slopes built by basalt flows
- Hot spot volcanoes |
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Term
|
Definition
-Greatest lava eruption of historic times
-large basalt flow
-divergent plate boundary
-Laki fissure erupts for 8 months |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Most recent large basalt flow
-Nearly closed harbor at Heimaey
-divergent plate boundary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Most active volcano in the world
-Hot spot
-In the Ring of Fire |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of Basalt flows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lava cools to form smooth,ropy texture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Lava cools to form rough, blocky texture
(sharp, no flip-flops) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-Tunnels beneath the surface of cooled basalt
-Inactive tubes |
|
|
Term
| What are the major gasses emitted from volcanoes? |
|
Definition
-Water Vapor (50 %)
-Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
-Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) |
|
|
Term
| Which gas is responsible for global cooling? |
|
Definition
Sulfur Dioxide
(Blocks some of the Sun before it heats up the Earth) |
|
|
Term
| Which gas is responsible for global cooling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Gray-green-brown color
-High viscosity (doesn't flow easily)
-Explosive
-most common in Subduction zones (convergent plate boundaries) and Ring of Fire volcanoes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-"Fire Fragments"
- More common with viscous magma (AKA andesite/rhyolite)
- Ejects fragments of ash, pumice, bombs, and blocks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the mass of ash and gases forcefully blown up from a volcanic vent during an eruption
-cylindrical
-typical style of subduction zone voclanoes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
-tall and large eruption column (approximately 30 miles)
- Examples: Vesuvius and Mt. St Helens, 1980 |
|
|
Term
| Composite Volcano or "stratovolcano" |
|
Definition
-Volcano made up of alternating layers of pyroclastics and lavaflows
- Most common in Subduction Zones and Ring of Fire
-Explosive eruptions
- Ex: West Pacific, Alaska |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A large depression in the summit of a volcano
- formed by collapse into underlying magma chamber
- usually more than 1 km across
- Ex: Mt. Pinatubo Caldera, Phillipines 1991 |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- depression on the summit of a volcano
- less than 1 km |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Viscous lava solidifies in caldera or crater of a composite volcano
- Acts as a "plug"
-Ex: Mt. St Helens, 1980 |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a shield volcano and a composite volcano? |
|
Definition
Sheild Volcanoes: Fluid Basalt flowss
Composite Volcanoes: pyroclastics and lava flows (andesite, rhyolite) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Mixture of hot rock fragments and gasses that pours at a high velocity down the flank of a volcano
- Dry flow
- Occurs in composite volcanoes (andesite and rhyolite)
- Moves at high speeds (100 - 200 mph)
- Occurs at convergent plate boundaries (subduction zones)
-Initiated by dome eruption or collapse
-Very destructive
-Ex: Soufriere Hills, Montserrat, 1997; |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Volcanic mudflow
- Follow large pyroclastic eruptions
- Rapidly flowing mixture of pyroclastics and water
- Originate from the melting of ice, rainfall, or the breakout of a lake
- Ex: Mt. St Helens 1980 |
|
|
Term
| Pyroclastic Flow Eruptions |
|
Definition
- Mt. Vesuvius, 79 AD
- Mt. Pelee on Martinique, 1902
- Mt. St Helens, 1980
-Mt. Pinataubo,Phillipines, 1991 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Nevado Del Ruiz, 1985
- Mt. Pinatubo, 1991
- Mt. St Helens
- Possibly Mt. Rainer |
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways to melt rock? |
|
Definition
- Increase temperature
- Decrease pressure
- Add water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction zone in ROF
- Cascades
- Mt. Mazama collapsed to produce Crater Lake
- 42 x larger eruption then St. Helens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction Zone in ROF
- Cascades
- Erupted 3 times in last 30 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Mexico
- Danger to Mexico City
- 20 million people live close enough to be affected |
|
|
Term
| Nevada del Ruiz,Columbia South America, 1985 |
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Columbia/ South America
- City destroyed by lahar, evacuation called off
- new respect for fire and ice combination (deadly!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Indian Ocean/ Indonesia
- generated 120 ft tsunami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Indonesia
- largest eruption in historic time
- began global cooling, 1816- "year without a summer" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction in ROF
- Phillipines
- Plinian eruption
- Caused global cooling
- Pyroclastic flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction OUTSIDE the ROF
- Martinique, Caribbean
- Pyroclastic flow destroyed town
- Only 1 survivor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction OUTSIDE the ROF
- Montserrat, Caribbean
- Most active volcano in Caribbean and anywhere
- Pyroclastic flows (forced evacuation of southern half of island and destroyed capital of Plymouth)
- Possibly next Krakatau |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Subduction OUTSIDE of ROF
- Italy, Mediterranean
- Pyroclastics flow
- Ash fall
- Buried Pompeii |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- No subduction or Hot Spot
- Calif, Sierra Nevada
- Soon-to-be huge eruption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Hot Spot
- US
- Most debris from an eruption ever
- Obliterated mountain range
- Magma chamber is building |
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Term
|
Definition
| Origin of earthquake or area of fault rupture, most are shallow, weak region in the fault |
|
|
Term
| What are some precursors to volcanic eruptions? |
|
Definition
- Earthquake activity that steadily increase
- Volcano will swell
- Gas will be emitted |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surface directly above focus, not always on fault |
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Term
|
Definition
| Force applied (compressional, tensional, shear) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Force applied (compressional, tensional, shear) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Change due to stress (deformation in rocks) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Explains how rocks respond to stress, why earthquakes occur |
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Term
|
Definition
| Means of locating the epicenter, P and S wave time delay, needs to be 3 sources of data |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of historic earthquakes |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3-D image of earth’s interior using P wave velocities because they go through liquids and solids |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack in seismic activity in an area along a fault or a subduction zone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amplifying effect produced when the natural vibration frequency of ground or structure is matched by the frequency of seismic waves |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Wet sand or oil can become liquid-like when strongly shaken |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground displacement, Offset, Slip |
|
Definition
- Fences and cracks that are moved during an earthquake
- Ground moves from earthquakes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Tsunami event
- 9.5 subduction zone earthquake
- Largest earthquake recorded
- Tsunami traveled to Hawaii and Japan |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Tsunami event
- 9.2 subduction earthquake
- Largest US earthquake
- Tsunami wave traveled to Northern CA
- Extensive ground rupture
- landslides
vi) liquefaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Tsunami event
- Has the potential to generate a magnitude 8 to 9 earthquake
- Happened 300 years ago
- Subduction event with major tsunami |
|
|
Term
| Indian Ocean, 2004 (Sumatra, Indonesia) |
|
Definition
- Tsunami event
- 9.2 subduction mega thrust earthquake
- Tsunami generated
- Seismic gap
Indonesi |
|
|
Term
| What are other possible Tsunami events that could occur in the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean? |
|
Definition
- Submarine landslides could cause a tsumani (Hilnia Slump in Hawaii, Big Island)
- Landslides around canary Island- Mega tsumani, volcano could cause 300 ft wave to Europe |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Earthquake event
- Continental Transform plate boundary
- Main hazard: structural damage and tsunami
- 7.4 magnitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Transform plate boundary
ii) Collapse of structures is main cause of death
iii) Fifth most deadly earthquake of that magnitude
iv) rupture search reveals no recent break in probable scarp |
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Term
|
Definition
i) Magnitude 7.1
ii) Ground rupture was 265 miles long
iii) Extensive fires
iv) Epicenter was on the SAF |
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Term
|
Definition
- Mag 7.1
- event in the bay area
- liquefaction and fire
- epicenter on SAF in mountains
- great earthquake
- Last large earthquake |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- Occurred on a blind thrust fault, NOT SAF
- Not on Plate Boundary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
- In the middle of US
- 8.0 mag
- Great earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) Was predicted
(2) Evacuation was made
(3) 7.3 Earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(1) 7.6 magnitude
(2) Not on a plate boundary
(3) 93 percent of all homes destroyed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) 9.2 subduction earthquake
ii) Largest US earthquake
iii) Tsunami wave traveled to Northern CA
iv) Extensive ground rupture
v) landslides
vi) liquefaction
vii) subduction event with major tsunami
viii) Ring of fire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Subduction event
ii) In Ring of Fire
iii) 250 miles from epicenter
iv) Town built on ancient lake bed which amplified the seismic waves
v) Collapsed buildings due to resonance
vi) Not on a plate boundary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Ring of fire
ii) 9.5 subduction zone earthquake
iii) Largest earthquake recorded
iv) Tsunami traveled to Hawaii and japan
v) Subduction events with major tsunami |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Subduction event
ii) In Ring of Fire
iii) Fire was worst hazard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Subduction event
ii) In Ring of Fire
iii) Most recent devastating earthquake in japan
iv) Liquefaction
v) Fire
vi) Most expensive natural disaster yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Subduction event with major tsunami
ii) Ring of fire
iii) Megathrust earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Continent- Continent Convergent plate boundary
ii) Bam Iran- 90 percent of building destroyed because adobe structures
iii) Has had many devastating earthquakes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) Continent-Continent Convergent plate boundary
ii) Massive deaths and destruction
iii) Almost entire towns had vanished
iv) 7.6 magnitude |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
7.9
occured on reverse fault
- not on plate boundary
landlside |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of body waves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Primary Waves- compressional waves
- Felt first, fastest, in a push-pull manner (like a slinky) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Secondary Waves, shear waves
- Move in a up and down motion
- Does not travel threw fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
c) Long L waves
i) Travel near surface after P and S waves strike
ii) Slower then body wave
iii) Low frequency waves
iv) Cause most of the damage
v) Love waves- side to side motion, don’t travel through water
vi) Rayleigh waves- rolling waves, vertical and horizontal shaking |
|
|
Term
| How do P and S waves help us understand Earth’s internal structure? |
|
Definition
| - Show the travel path and velocities which can be analyzed to show earths inner structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - measure of energy released during an earthquake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Ml, measures largest amplitude on seismogram
- Logarithmic scale (5 is 10x stronger then a 4 and 100x stringer than a 3)
- Ground shaking is 10 times worse for each unit on a scale |
|
|
Term
| Moment Magnitude scales (Mw) |
|
Definition
Newer scale, more reliable for large magnitude earthquake
(2) Measures strength of rock, rupture area along fault plane or subduction zone, displacement, slip, or offset along a fault |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) measures intensity of ground shaking
(2) measure of the effects of an earthquake on humans, structures for the land itself |
|
|
Term
| Where does the San Andreas Fault (SAF) start and end? |
|
Definition
| - From Cape Mendocino to Gulf of CA |
|
|
Term
| The SAF is what type of fault? |
|
Definition
| - Right lateral strike slip fault. |
|
|
Term
| What plates are on either side of the SAF? |
|
Definition
| - North American Plate and Pacific Plate |
|
|
Term
| How fast are these plates moving past each other (cm/yr)? (SAF) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of plate boundary was CA before the SAF? |
|
Definition
| - California was a subduction plate boundary from ~ 150 million to 28 to 24 million years, evolved into a transform plate boundary |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the other major fault (east of the SAF) in the Bay area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the probability for an earthquake along the SAF the same everywhere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What was emphasized about Parkfield? |
|
Definition
a) Earthquake capital of the world, 90 percent chance there will be an earthquake there
b) the most comprehensively instrumented section of a fault anywhere in the world. |
|
|
Term
| Where was the last great earthquake on the SAF? |
|
Definition
| - Mojave segment when it ruptured- 1857, 8.2 |
|
|
Term
| Which of the 3 southern segments mentioned below ruptured during this great earthquake event? |
|
Definition
| - Mojave Segment, San BErnadino Segment, and Coachella Statement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i) santacruz to Parkfield (between LA and SF)
ii) Continuous motion
iii) strain released
iv) earthquakes never about 6.0 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the concern about LA and the Coachella segment? |
|
Definition
b) Energy will propagate north and bounce off the San Gabriel Mountains and straight into downtown LA
c) Coachella Evaluation- It’s been longer since there has been an earthquake, and energy will affect LA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
left bend in SAF northeast of LA and Santa Barbara regions causes shear stress to turn into compressional stress
b) Compressive stress causes:
i) Secondary faults:
ii) thrust and reverse faults
iii) Mountains |
|
|
Term
| What fault is a threat to Downtown LA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the Rose Canyon Fault, Elsinore Fault, San Jacinto Fault, and SAF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Order of Faults from East to West |
|
Definition
| Rose Canyon Fault, Elsinore Fault, San Jacinto Fault, and SAF |
|
|
Term
| Where are the Mojave, San BErnadino,and Coachella valley segments along the SAF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Central US
failed anicent rift
not on plate boundary |
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