The Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary layer worldwide has a high percentage of the element

_______ in its clay, an enrichment about 300 times greater than the normal abundance.

About 7500 years ago, a major flood apparently occurred through the ____________into the

Black Sea because of rising sea level related to melting of glaciers.

a) changes in seafloor spreading rates

b) sea-level changes

c) the numbers and sizes of continents

d) continental positions and glaciations

The last 50,000 years have seen the extinction of many large-bodied mammals. One of the

probable causes is _________.

“Snow-eater” winds that blow across the Great Plains from the Rockies are known as the _________.

Chinook winds

The process whereby wood degrades thermally and produces flammable hydrocarbons is referred to as

In terms of human casualties from fire, the single-most dangerous structure in the U.S. is the _________.

Prescribed fires are designed to control ____________________.

Foehn winds are best described as ___________________

The extinction of most dinosaur species about 65 million years ago opened up ecological niches for ___________________.

The law of superposition holds that ____________________________

in undeformed strata, younger layers of rocks overlie older layers of rocks

At the end of August 1993, the upper Mississippi River basin had endured record high floods yet this flood water mass did not significantly affect the lower Mississippi River basin because ____________

1) dams

2) levees

3) channelization

Hydrographs from urban settings in comparison to rural settings

show floods are of shorter duration in urban settings.

With respect to channelization, straightening the channel

increases the gradient of the stream bottom, making the water flow faster.

Venus resembles Earth in size, density, and distance from the sun, but has a dense cloud cover

of CO2. Its air temperature is _________ that on Earth.

Which of the following conditions led to the 1993 flood in the mid-continental U. S.?

a jet stream locked in place over north-central plains for an unusually long time

When ice dams in front of the largest glacial lakes failed, stupendous floods resulted whose

passage is still recorded:

(a) in lake sediments

(b) by countryside stripped of all soil and sediment cover

(c) by abandoned waterfalls

(d) by a mega-braided stream

In 1976, a flash flood in Colorado killed at least 139 people. This flood was on ____________

In the photosynthesis reaction in plants, ________ is given off as a by-product of the reaction.

The spread of fire depends on behavior within the fire itself and on:

(a) the types of fuel.

(b) weather.

(c) topography.

(a) conduction

(b) radiation

(c) convection

(d) diffusion

Pyrolysis results in emanation of all but which of the following:

In 1786, the French paleontologist Georges Cuvier proved that extinction of species had occurred by demonstrating that the skeletons of

extinct mammoths were distinctly different from those of living elephant species.

At 3.85 billion years ago, ________were alive, reproducing and evolving.

Vertebrates appeared on land

Members of a species share a common pool of genetic material known as ____________________.

At the end of Cretaceous time (65 million years ago), life was challenged by:

(a) falling sea level.

(b) the Deccan traps flood basalt in India.

(c) the impact of a large (10-km-diameter) asteroid in the Yucatan area of Mexico.

The isolated landmasses of Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar, and Africa all have very different species from each other and from the rest of the world. If these four landmasses were recombined by natural plate tectonic processes,

there would be numerous extinctions as the different species were thrown into competition for the shared food supply and living space.

A major extraterrestrial impact occurred in ________ at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) time

boundary.

The level of oxygen in the form of O

2

in the Earth's atmosphere

In 1994, the comet Shoemaker-Levy crashed with spectacular results into____________________.

When a meteorite large enough to cause a crater hits the Earth, the size of the impact crater is ______.

weathering, erosion and tectonic processes mask them.

the stream of subatomic particles flying outward from the Sun.

Evidence demonstrating that the meteorite crater in Arizona formed by meteorite impact includes:

(a) The crater is steep-sided and closed.

(b) The rim of surrounding rock was created by uplifting the horizontal sedimentary-rock layers of the region and tilting them away from the crater.

(c) Little hills of rock outside the crater rim are inverted piles of the rock sequence exposed in the crater walls.

(d) Huge blocks of limestone are strewn around outside the crater.

Hydrographs from urban settings in comparison to rural settings

show floods are of higher peak flow in urban settings

.

With respect to channelization, straightening the channel

increases the gradient of the stream bottom, making the water flow faster.

Relatively few impact craters have been discovered on Earth because

weathering, erosion and tectonic processes mask them.

Evidence demonstrating that the meteorite crater in Arizona formed by meteorite impact includes:

(a) The crater is steep-sided and closed.

(b) The rim of surrounding rock was created by uplifting the horizontal sedimentary-rock layers of the region and tilting them away from the crater.

(c) Little hills of rock outside the crater rim are inverted piles of the rock sequence exposed in the crater walls.

(d) Huge blocks of limestone are strewn around outside the crater.

The atmospheric pressure above the mound of water in a hurricane storm-surge is

lower than the air pressure in the surrounding area.

As a hurricane forms, the air

rises, cools, and releases the latent heat of vaporization, thus heating up the core.