Term
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Definition
Dy= (W +(Dx)^2/v)sin ()
where:
w= angular velocity
Dx= distance traveled
v- velocity
l= latitude |
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Term
| Couloumb- Terghazi Failure Criterion |
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Definition
s= c + (p- Hw)tan(failure angle)
c= cohesion
p= pressure on soil load
Hw= pressure of water
failure angle= yea duh |
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Term
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Definition
KE= 1/2mass x velocity^2
The shapes and depth of crater is determined by the kinestic energy of impactor and type of crust that it impacts |
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Term
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Definition
9.1 magnitude with foreshocks and aftershocks.
- Subduction zone lead to tsunami, as well as subducting of plates to make the land more vulnerable. |
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Term
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Definition
Volcano warnings:
- gas releases
- seismic readings show that there was movement and stress was building
- displacements in land
- There was evacuation |
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Term
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Definition
Washington 1980
Stratovolcano- felsic
had a caldera, which clogged it. And the earthquake blew it out and caused pyroclastic flow |
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Term
| Loma Prieta Earthquake- San Andres |
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Definition
7.1 magnitude
caused liquefzction and base amplification |
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Term
| Sumatra Tsunami- Indonesia- 2004 |
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Definition
| caused by a subducting plate triggering an earthquake. The tsunami killed thousands in 14 countries. magnitude of 91.-9.3 |
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Term
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Definition
Hazards- storm surge, rain
- not worst case scenario: hit east of NOLA
- Levees built for CAT 3 failed (overtopped and pushed out)
- destroyed wetlands |
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Term
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Definition
Cat 2
Massively exposed population in dense city (persistent rainfall)
- slow movement had sustained winds and rain
- storm surge (Jersey shore)
- lifeloss was comparable to that of 1994 Northridge earthquake |
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Term
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Definition
Strange path: formed in Carribean, started in North but veered west toward central america
- Stalled in honduras, CAT 5,
- Huge flooding and mudslides
- killed around 10,000 |
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Term
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Definition
measure of explosivity of a volcano
-gauge of the volume, height
- quantative
- 1-8 |
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Term
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Definition
-silica content
- volatiles
- viscosity |
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Term
| 4 types of landslide movements |
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Definition
- falls
- slides
- subsides
- flows |
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Term
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Definition
Rotational:
driving force vs. resisting force
Translational:
-CREEP (expansion and contraction)
- sliding along a point of weakness (joint, fault) |
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Term
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Definition
loosely packed soil
limestone dissolves |
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Term
| couloumb failure criteria |
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Definition
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Term
| water's effect on slope stablilty |
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Definition
- weight
- makes soil less cohesive
- decrease in friciton
- air hockey table effect- increasing shear stress |
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Term
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Definition
- hard to forcast
- try to look at types of soil, moisture, topography |
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Term
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Definition
| we have it because in the Troposphere, the warm air is below the cold air, leading to instability |
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Term
| Abiabatic cooling and heating |
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Definition
this fuels storms
happens when there is a phase change for air and moisture.
- when air rises, it cools as pressure decreases
- it condensates, but this process gives off heat, fueling more rising
- The graph shows that this is why moist air is warmer than dry air |
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Term
| large scale lateral flow of energy in atmosphere |
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Definition
- ALBEDO- relfection
- the low latitudes transfer heat to the higher latitudes
- Also pressure radiants changes over seasons |
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Term
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Definition
Cumulous- large puffy, dense, stormy
Stratus- large gray, dense, precipitationm
cirrus- high and whispy |
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Term
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Definition
| - happens in low pressure systems because vapor consensates |
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Term
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Definition
early stage: warm water causes upwelling and cloud formation
middle stage: low pressure causes condensation and precipitation (downwelling)
end stage: downwelling chokes out the upwelling |
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Term
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Definition
Tornadoes
- they occur when a cell forms but is pushed to the side by a wind (jet stream)
- large, rotating updraft (tornado)
- clouds are sheared by winds
- asymetry causes rotation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| conservation of angular momentum |
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Definition
used for tornadoes and hurricanes
- describes the behavior of a spinning mass
- Decreasing the radium of an object will increase its velocity |
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Term
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Definition
happens in this region due to the meeting of warm and cold air
- sometimes the warm air gets stuck under the cold air in a low pressure system and the jet stream pushes the cell to make a tornado |
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Term
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Definition
- massive "mesocyclone" that is rotation due to coriolus force.
- the storm is fueled by warm oceans, and pushed west in the northern hemisphere by trade winds. |
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Term
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Definition
- has to do with adiabatic heating and cooling
- when moist air is rising and then condenses,latent heat is released from the phase change, allowing for more rising and fuel for hurricane |
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Term
| Coriolus force (explanation) |
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Definition
- deflection of objects relative to a rotating reference
- higher velocity, lower the coriolus force
- lower the velocity, higher the coliolus force |
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Term
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Definition
- starts are tropical disturbance formed in low pressure systems
- fueled as it moves west by trade winds, over warm ocean.
- warm ocean fuels the upwelling of the hurricane
- forms at low latitudes, because of Albedo
- coriolus force makes it spin counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere |
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Term
| Saffer- Simpson Intensity scale for Hurricanes |
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Definition
1-5 categories. 5 has low pressure, alot of wind, and storm surge.
- mostly empirical |
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Term
| Forecasting and Tracking hurricanes |
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Definition
- prediction of the storm can be done by tracking the wind, storm surges, temperature of water, rain
- forecasting precursory conditions
- satelites and doppler radar
- pressure guages |
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Term
| Challenges of forecasting and Tracking hurricanes |
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Definition
- evacuation is hard
- dont have enough time for evac |
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Term
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Definition
flash: happen quickly, can take many lives, dont do as much damage as regional floods
Regional: floods that happen slowly, and stay for a while in a drainage basin. They can destroy cities. caused by rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
| if you drop water, it will flow to here |
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Term
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Definition
| normally sea level. where there is no more eroding in the river |
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Term
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Definition
| area that the water occupies in a river if the water level is high |
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Term
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Definition
| the turning of a river slows it down. normally happens in the low lands |
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Term
| forecasting floods- long term, and tools |
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Definition
long term:
- knowledge of topography, sinuosity, shape of rivers
- basin size and shape
- precipitation levels
Tools:
hydrograph: records discharge level
flood frequency curves! |
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Term
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Definition
| dams, levees/ channels, river restoration, retention ponds, land use planning |
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Term
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Definition
gases- CO2, NO2 and O-zone
- it is good that that o-zone layer keeps the radiant heat in, but human induced greenhouse gases have enhanced greenhouse effect |
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Term
| regional impacts on global warming |
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Definition
- severe winter storms
- sea level changes
- more storms, precip
- hurricanes
- melting of ice caps
- wildfires |
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Term
| 5 causes of sea level change |
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Definition
- dams influencing water drainage
- melting of ice caps
- techntonic displacement
- warming of ocean water
- ocean circulation changes |
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Term
| ways of guaging sea level |
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Definition
tidal guage- measures sea level at certain area. not good because ocean water is not eustatic
satellite altimetery- meansures sea level from space |
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Term
| how anomolous is recent sea level change? |
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Definition
| it is anomolous. we can see this from the Roman fish pens that water was lower, and from the ancient coral, that the sea level was higher |
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Term
| Eustatic sea level change |
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Definition
| not true. the global sea level varies due to various factors |
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Term
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Definition
| last interglacial period- sea level was 7m higher than it is today |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| merioriod, meteor, metiorite |
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Definition
meteoriod: peieces of comet or asteriod
meteor: orbits sun
meteorite: on track to hit earth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
oors cloud
- where grvitational pull from sun stops |
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Term
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Definition
yucaton peninsula
chixulub structure
came from southeast |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of chemical structure -> more flammable |
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Term
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Definition
| dry and fast over mountain |
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